<p>Named for Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy, The Admiral Fiztroy Inn is located at 398 Thames Street in Newport, Rhode Island, in the Newport Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by architect Dudly Newton, and built in 1854. It served as the home of the Sisters of Mercy Convent for nuns of St. Marys church from 1854 to 1924, and later housed the first private Catholic school in Rhode Island, St Marys Academy from 1854-1924. Jacqueline Bouvier and future USA President John F. Kennedy were married in St Mary’s Church.</p><br>
<p>The building was moved from the original site, to the current location of 398 Thames Street, in 1985. It now serves as the Admiral Fitzroy Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural style</h2><br>
<p>The principal architectural style is Gothic, and the secondary is Italianate (according to the Historic Building Data Sheet Rhode Island Statewide Survey Phase 1 and the National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Newport Historic District).</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The eighteen rooms have decorative hand-painted walls. The Admiral Fitzroy Inn also has a conference room, a roof-top deck for guests, a small dining room, and a view of the ocean. There is off-street parking for guests. There are some antiques displayed including an original Admiral Fitzroy Barometer that hangs in the lobby.</p><br>
<p>Buckley Homestead Living History Farm is a county park and historical museum located at 3606 Belshaw Road, Lowell, Indiana. The park is open from 7 a.m. to sunset year round. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The park is operated by Lake County Parks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Buckleys first moved to Northwest Indiana in 1849, where they built their first farmstead. The Buckleys were Irish immigrants who moved to the United States in the mid-18th century. The Buckleys ended up turning their farm into a 150-head dairy farm. They sold their milk to markets in Chicago during the early 20th century. Over four generations, the farm grew from 79 acre to 520 acre. In 1977, part of the park was donated by Rose Buckley Pearce to be part of the Lake County Parks. The Buckley Homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Next to the parking area, there is a visitor center which contains restroom facilities, drinking fountains, information kiosk, and a gift shop which is open on Sunday afternoons from May through the first of August. After that, a path will lead to the Buckley&#39;s farm. The park is divided into sections: Main House Museum, School, Pioneer Farm, and Back Again.</p><br>
<h2>Events and activities</h2><br>
<p>Buckley Homestead holds many events throughout the season. A list of events at Buckley Homestead are listed below.</p><br>
<h3>WWII Tribute</h3><br>
<p>Buckley Homestead holds a World War II Tribute every year by reenacting battles between the axis and allies. The tribute holds skirmishes, axis and allies encampments, uniform demonstration, World War II Veterans Panel, and homefront displays.</p><br>
<h3>Legend of Sleepy Hollow</h3><br>
<p>This event is held annually. Buckley Homestead is transformed into Tarrytown, New York, popularly known as Sleepy Hollow. There, visitors walk with a guide through the homestead while encountering townsfolk in search of Ichabod Crane, the one person who can tell the stories of the village.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge or Southern Pacific Railroad Bridge now officially named the "Pacific Electric Railway- El Prado Bridge" is a historic double-tracked arch bridge located in Torrance, California USA, spanning Torrance Boulevard at Bow Street, a short distance west of Western Avenue. It was once part of the north/south Torrance to San Pedro spur line of the Pacific Electric Railway, that agency&#39;s first interurban line to San Pedro.</p><br>
<p>After splitting off to the east from the Union Tool Company plant which was once a short distance south of the bridge, the line terminated at a Columbia Steel steel mill (later United States Steel) by running up and over that railroads east/west Torrance local line in much the same manner as a viaduct and is the only part of the PE which crossed itself in such a manner; indeed, the map on the following reference link refers to the bridge as a viaduct. This was due to the areas geography; simply building a spur off of the main line would have resulted in too steep a climb to the steel mill. The steel mill has since been demolished to make way for the national headquarters of American Honda Motor Company, but the once double-tracked Torrance line was reballasted and rerailed with used welded rail in 2003 and is still in use for local runs by the Union Pacific Railroad. Gone too are the Pacific Electric&#39;s Torrance shops at the western branch of the split, now the site of an industrial park still serviced by the aforementioned local line.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Irving Gill and built in 1913 as part of the original layout of the city as determined by Jared Sidney Torrance and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., the bridge became the city&#39;s second entry in the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1989 after Torrance High School. It is also listed with the California Office of Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Electric Railway- El Prado Bridge, was dedicated as a Local Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Though trackage, turnouts and remnants of a switch remain on the bridge, it is no longer in use nor has it been for quite some time. There is no chance of the bridge returning to service, since the right-of-way at either end has been redeveloped. Nevertheless, the Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge has become a symbol of the city as part of the Torrance Police Departments logo as of January 1, 2000, only the third such change in the departments history.</p><br>
<p>The Bowman Lake Patrol Cabin in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States, is a rustic back-country log cabin. Built in 1934, the cabin has a single room, with a front porch extension to create a shelter from snowfall.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s and 1930s the National Park Service built a series of snowshoe cabins or patrol cabins in Glaciers back country. The cabins were built to a standardized plan that was developed in Yellowstone National Park, which were themselves similar to those used by the USA Forest Service which took design cues from trappers cabins. Cabins usually included a bear-and-rodent-proof food cache under the floor. Furnishings were limited to a hinged cupboard which could be folded down to form a table, a stove, and a bunk bed.</p><br>
<p>The Bowman Lake cabin, located closer to the "front country" than most, featured a six-burner wood stove, a permanent table and a bedding storage box.</p><br>
<p>The James A. and Ruth M. Bailey House is a large freestanding limestone mansion located at 10 St Nicholas Place at West 150th Street in the Sugar Hill area of the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The house was built from 1886 to 1888 and was designed by architect Samuel Burrage Reed in the Romanesque Revival style for circus impresario James Anthony Bailey of the Barnum & Bailey Circus. When it was constructed there were few other buildings in the area, and as a result, sitting as it does on an escarpment, the Bailey Mansion had a clear view to the east of the Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Among the house&#39;s numerous design features are numerous stained glass windows, designed by a cousin of Louis Comfort Tiffany. The interior is richly paneled in hand-carved timber. The exterior features Flemish-style gables and a corner tower.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, the house was purchased by Marguerite Blake, who ran a funeral home from it until her retirement. In late 2008, she brought the house to market, seeking to sell it for $10 million. As of May 2009, it was being listed for $6.5 million. On August 31, 2009 it was reported that the house sold for $1.4 million, which is only around $170 per square foot.</p><br>
<p>The Bailey House was designated a New York City Landmark in 1974, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The McCarthy Homestead Cabin is a remnant of early settlement in what would become Glacier National Park. Jeremiah McCarthy built the log homestead in the North Fork area in 1908 after completion of the North Fork Road and passage of the Forest Homestead Act.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is the only representative of pre-1910 homesteading activity on the west side of the Continental Divide in Glacier. During the 1930s a Civilian Conservation Corps camp was built nearby. At about the same time, the cabin, and others nearby, transitioned from homesteading inholdings to summer cabins for their owners. In the 1950s some of the CCC structures were relocated to the vicinity of the cabin. The National Park Service purchased the property in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Polebridge to Numa Ridge Phoneline is a historic communications path in Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana. The line was the last remaining single-line crank telephone network in the American West. The remaining line, insulators, and terminals are instructive of early communication technology. The system includes the remains of a single strand system using an earth ground. Wire was strung through ceramic insulators mounted on trees. Phone poles still stand in the meadow south of Kishenehn Ranger Station, and a phone remains in place at Bowman Lake.</p><br>
<p>The line starts at Polebridge Ranger Station, passing Skyland Camp-Bowman Lake Ranger Station, then Numa Ridge Fire Lookout. The first sections were constructed in 1911, with additions to connect ranger stations through the 1930s. In later years, FM radio saw greater use and the extent of the phone system declined. The Polebridge-Numa line persisted until 1985, when it was officially shut down, although unofficial use continued through 1988.</p><br>
<p>Lake Charles is a small lake in Nova Scotia’s Halifax Regional Municipality between the communities of Dartmouth and Waverley. It is situated between Port Wallace in the south and Nova Scotia Highway 107 in the North, Nova Scotia Highway 118 in the west and</p><br>
<p>Nova Scotia Route 318 to the east. It is the summit of the Shubenacadie Canal, where the level of the surface is 31 m above sea level. Located in the Shubenacadie watershed, it ultimately feeds into the Bay of Fundy. However, it also feeds into Halifax Harbour through the canal locks at Shubie Park.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Charles Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Charles Trail, part of the Trans Canada Trail, runs along the western side of the lake, from Shubie Park to the Highway 107 overpass at Route 318 in Portobello. The trail is approximately 4.39 km long, and has a crusher dust surface. The trail is used year-round and is maintained by the Halifax Regional Municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Other Lake Charles in Nova Scotia</h2><br>
<p>Guysborough County at 45&deg;19&prime;11.9&Prime;N latitude, 61&deg;3&prime;13.9&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The West Entrance Station at Glacier National Park was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1942. An example of the National Park Service Rustic style, it was designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Design.</p><br>
<p>The entrance station was designed at National Park Service architect Albert Goods suggestion to specifically resemble a toll station. The station is a wood frame building faced with random ashlar stone. The roof is framed using logs., supported by 13 in log posts. The entrance station is similar to that built at the parks Saint Mary entrance at about the same time, using the same plans. A 1963 modification added two checking booths with board-and-batten siding under the wings of the station.</p><br>
<p>The Bighorn Ditch Headgate, also known as the Bighorn Canal Headgate, was built starting in 1892 to provide irrigation to the Crow Indian Reservation in south central Montana. The headgate structure diverted water from the Bighorn River to their lands. It was designed by William F. Graves, and construction was carried out by Crow workers. The project was completed in 1904. Today the site is included in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>The structure includes a diversion dam extending at an angle into the river to divert water through the headgate into a canal flowing parallel to the river. The headgate structure was built of dressed local limestone, and is 35 ft wide, allowing a designed flow of 720 cuft of water per second. Five iron gates controlled the flow. The headgate structure is intermittently inundated by water held in the Yellowtail Dam Afterbay reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The Bighorn Ditch was instrumental to the Crow changing from their nomadic lifestyle to a settled, agrarian society. Their initial attempts at farming in the arid climate, beginning in 1885, resulted in failure. The government at last recognized that irrigation of the lands would be required for the people to gain consistent yields from their crops. The 1891 Reno Ditch provided water to 4500 (later 12,500) Crow acres. The Bighorn Ditch allowed the expansion of agriculture and cattle ranching to 35,000 acre. As a result, the Crow no longer needed Federal food subsidies.</p><br>
<p>The Bighorn Ditch headgate was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Experimental Mine, USA Bureau of Mines is a landmark located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Bruceton, Pennsylvania. In 1910, the newly created USA Bureau of Mines leased a 38-acre tract of land from the Pittsburgh Coal Company and opened the Experimental Mine.</p><br>
<p>One of the early findings in the Experimental Mine demonstrated that coal dust by itself was capable of propagating an explosion even in the absence of any methane gas. This demonstration was contrary to the old belief widely held at the time that coal dust could not explode without gas. This view had led to the very dangerous and widespread practice of using loose coal dust in mines to pack explosives in boreholes, which had cost many thousands of lives. These early experiments clearly proved that such a practice was too hazardous to continue.</p><br>
<h2>Current facilities</h2><br>
<p>By 1999 the complex made the transition to lab and office space as part of the National Energy Technology Laboratory network throughout the United States. The complex is home to three major agencies including the Federal Energy Technology Center (USA Department of Energy), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (USA Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control), and the Mine Safety & Health Administration (USA Department of Labor). Over one thousand government and contractor employees worked at the site by 2000.</p><br>
<p>Blum Basin Falls is a waterfall in Whatcom County, in the USA state of Washington. It is located in North Cascades National Park on the headwaters of Blum Creek, a tributary of the Baker River. Fed by two small retreating glaciers and several snowfields on the southern side of Mount Blum, the waterfall is formed by the largest meltwater stream that feeds the mainstem of Blum Creek. The falls tumble 1,680 ft down a high glacial headwall several miles within the national park in two distinct stages; the first is a series of slides over rounded rock, above the tree line, and the second is a series of near-vertical plunges to the forested valley below. Although most of the falls is clearly visible, parts of it are obscured by tall pines that grow at its base. There is no trail leading to the waterfall.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The falls takes its name from the creek, which in turn receives its name from Mount Blum, which was named for John Blum, a United States Forest Service fire patrol pilot killed in an early 20th-century plane crash.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>The series of cascades totals 1,680 ft in height, although this distance has never been officially measured. The falls occur over a 1,500 ft run of Blum Creek, although again, this distance is only approximated. During peak flow, when high temperatures accelerate melting of ice and snow in the upper basin, the creek may be able to flow over 100 ft&sup3; per second, with an average width of 10 ft. Contrarily, during low winter temperatures, the ice and snow ceases to melt, and the falls diminish in volume or may stop flowing completely.</p><br>
<h2>History and access</h2><br>
<p>In 1920, the first reported sighting of the falls was by Pacific Northwest photographer Asahel Curtis, who also photographed the falls. However, as that date was before Mount Blum was named, the waterfall was also unknown and unnamed, and remains obscure to this day. Today, the Baker River Trail leads upstream several miles along the Baker River, and as it crosses Blum Creek, one may obtain. The falls is also visible from a portion of the Shuksan Lakes Trail, which climbs Mount Shuksan on the opposite side of the Baker River valley. From this trail. However, as the falls are not the best in the area, and as more well-known Sulphide Creek Falls is close, the falls are little-known by most visitors to the area.</p><br>
<p>The Gilman Garrison House is a historic house museum at 12 Water Street in Exeter, New Hampshire. Built in 1709, it is a rare surviving example of a First Period garrison house, built with a number of clearly defense-related features. It is owned by Historic New England, which operates the home as a house museum, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gilman Garrison House stands near the eastern end of Exeter&#39;s historic waterfront commercial district, on the south side of Water Street at its junction with Clifford Street. It is a 2-1/2 story T-shaped structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The oldest portion has a frame of oak timbers, with heaving wooden planking forming its walls. The upper floor projects over the ground floor, and there is evidence that the overhang originally had firing portholes in its floor. There are also wall structures indicative that part of the house could be isolated by means of a wooden portcullis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Councillor John Gilman, a proprietor of sawmills and member of a prominent early Exeter family involved in shipping, built the log house in 1709 and fortified it for protection. It was owned late in the 18th century by Ebenezer Clifford, a master carpenter of renown throughout New Hampshire&#39;s Seacoast region, who took on Daniel Webster as a tenant while the latter attended Phillips Exeter Academy. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Library and Museum is the national memorial to President William McKinley located in Niles, Ohio. Also known as the McKinley Memorial Library, Museum & Birthplace Home, the Memorial is a 232 foot by 136 foot by 38 foot marble monument with two wings. One houses the McKinley Memorial Library, which is a public library. The second wing features the McKinley Museum, with exhibits about President McKinley, and an auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center is located near the Memorial at 40 South Main Street in Niles. The historic house museum has been furnished for the period when President McKinley was in office.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Planning</h3><br>
<p>On March 4, 1911, President William Howard Taft as Commander-in-Chief, authorized Congressional funding for a national memorial to be located in the town of McKinley’s birth: Niles, Ohio. The same act of Congress had also officially established the National McKinley Birthplace Association. Association President Joseph G. Butler, Jr., who had been a childhood friend and schoolmate of McKinley, began a $100,000 local campaign to raise funds for the Memorial in 1912. After securing nearly $200,000 for the Memorial without utilizing taxpayer funding, Butler and the Association sought public donations of $1 each to establish a permanent endowment. “Subscribers” (as the donors were called) would receive a book autographed by Butler “describing the work of the Memorial” that also contained a reproduction portrait of McKinley and “a facsimile of the act of Congress authorizing and commending the construction of the Birthplace Memorial.”</p><br>
<h3>Competition and design</h3><br>
<p>The Association had its own ideas for the Memorial’s general design when they announced plans to offer a prize for the best architectural proposal in 1914. The city of Niles had already set aside a five-acre park as a location for the Memorial (purchased with municipal funds), and the Association stipulated that the design would be for a granite two-story structure with a basement, and that the structure must include a 1,000-seat auditorium (the “main feature”), a public library, a “relic room” for display of assorted effects, “an assembly hall for meetings of the veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic, where State encampments may be held, and for Spanish-American War Veterans, and a room for the meetings of officials of the city.” Additionally, the Association specified that the Memorial would house not only a statue of McKinley, but also “bronze busts of men associated with him in the affairs of the nation,” like Theodore Roosevelt, Marcus Hanna, Butler, and Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick, the latter two of whom were large contributors to the Memorial’s fund. Upon publication of the Association’s announcement, a competition commenced within the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>Edgerton Swartout (who was once an architect at McKim, Mead and White), Charles A. Platt (American landscape architect), and Edward Brodhead Green (Albright-Knox Art Gallery)served as judges for the competition, which comprised entries from Cass Gilbert (architect of the Woolworth Building), Henry Bacon (designer of the Lincoln Memorial), Harold Van Buren Magonigle (architect of the McKinley National Memorial and Mausoleum), Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones (a partner of which worked on the Queensboro Bridge), J. L. Decker (a local architect in Niles), and Zantzinger, Borie and Medary (designers of the Detroit Institute of Arts).</p><br>
<p>In 1915, the competition was concluded, and the $1,000 prize was awarded to McKim, Mead, and White. Their design, somewhat typical of their other Beaux-Arts work, reflected Greek and Roman themes in all aspects, from architectural elements to the lettering on tablets and statuary. Indeed, the entire Memorial was described not unlike a temple of antiquity, with McKinley assuming the role of “household god”:</p><br>
<p>The library was divided into two stories, with space for open stacks and meeting rooms, including one reserved for McKinley memorabilia. The auditorium, notably, was originally designed with 200 fewer seats than originally called for, and was expressly not to be for “theatrical entertainments.”</p><br>
<p>McKinley’s statue, by J. Massey Rhind, originally conceived as a bronze monument, was carved from a single thirty-five ton piece of marble.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the Memorial was laid on November 20, 1915, and an inscribed plaque on it read “Erected 1915. To Perpetuate the Name and Achievements of William McKinley, Twenty-fifth President of the United States of America. Born January 29, 1843. Died September 14, 1901.” The United States Marine Band played “On the Beautiful Blue Danube” (a favorite of Mrs. McKinley’s) and “Lead Kindly Light” (reportedly a hymn sung at McKinley’s deathbed) after a parade of organizations to which McKinley belonged proceeded down Niles’ Main Street.</p><br>
<p>John H. Parker Co. of New York oversaw the site’s construction.</p><br>
<p>Despite the Memorial Association’s specification for a granite structure, Georgia marble was used instead.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>Former President Taft (also an Ohio native), in a speech endorsing American involvement in World War I, praised McKinley at the Memorial’s dedication ceremonies on October 5, 1917. McKinley’s sister, Miss Helen McKinley, was on hand to unveil her brother’s twelve-foot statue; Myron T. Herrick, George B. Cortelyou, and Butler also spoke for the program.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The McKinley Memorial Library is open to the public six days a week and closed on Sundays and on certain holidays. The McKinley Museum is also open to the public. Hours for the museum are Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday 9AM to 5PM; Thursday 9AM to 3PM; Friday, Saturday, and Sunday by advance appointment. Closed all major holidays. Admission is free.</p><br>
<h3>Rehabilitation</h3><br>
<p>In 2008, the Memorial underwent renovation to clean and repair the marble façade.</p><br>
<p>Ponta dos Rosais  is a promontory located along the north coast of the parish of Rosais, municipality of Velas in the island of São Jorge in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The promontory of Ponta dos Rosais is situated on a 200 m above the waters of the Atlantic on the northern tip of the island of São Jorge. With a view to the distant islands of Faial, Pico and Graciosa, little more than 15 km from the point, and extends north-northwest from the small islet of Rosais towards the Baixa da Ponta dos Rosais.</p><br>
<p>On the promontory is the isolated, mid-century Nationalist, lighthouse complex of Ponta dos Rosais.</p><br>
<p>This nature reserve and natural monument stretches the coastal cliffs from Pico dos Cutelos (along the southern coast) to northern cliffs and pasturelands of Chã do Areeiro. The reserve includes the waters surrounding the point, the islet of Rosais, Ponta da Ilha and Torrão da Açucar, as well as the Fajã do Mata Sete, an area of basalt rocks, stacks and mixture of pyroclastic flow and erosional debris. There are treacherous trails and alternative routes that link these zones, most skirting the coastal seashore.</p><br>
<h3>Biome</h3><br>
<p>The uplands are primarily pasture-land and agricultural areas, with most of the region taken-up by rural activities. Tourists visiting the area are attracted by the diversity of migratory and maritime bird species that nest in the cliffs of the point, including the migratory Corey&#39;s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) and Little shearwater (Puffinus assimilis), but also the Roseate (Sterna dougallii) and Common Terns (Sterna hirundo).</p><br>
<p>Endemic predator species in these areas include feral cats and dogs, as well as rodents, but the latter limited by local kite species.</p><br>
<p>But, the region is a hothouse of Azorean heather (Erica azorica) and Forget-me-nots (Myosotis azorica).</p><br>
<p>The Grotte de Cussac is a cave containing over 150 Paleolithic artworks as well as several human remains. It is located in the Dordogne River valley in Le Buisson-de-Cadouin, Dordogne, Aquitaine, France.</p><br>
<p>The cave was discovered on September 30, 2000, by amateur speleologist Marc Delluc and formally announced by the French Ministry of Culture on December 8, 2000. It is currently under protection for scientific study, and closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>The cave&#39;s artworks are estimated to be 25,000 years old, and are almost exclusively engravings, often very large, made with stone tools on the walls, or with fingers on clay soil. Pigments are limited to very few red dots. They include both classic instances of Upper Paleolithic animal art (bison, horses, mammoths, rhinoceroses, ibex) and rarer images including birds, enigmatic figures, and perhaps four female profiles. All appear close in theme and style of those known to Gravettien in the Quercy caves, in particular Pech Merle.</p><br>
<p>The cave&#39;s human remains appear to represent one of very few associations of parietal works and human burials in Paleolithic Europe. At least five people, four adults and a teenager, were deposited in the cavities, with bones dated by Carbon 14 measurements to approximately 25,000 years in age.</p><br>
<p>The Catskill Escarpment, often referred to locally as just the Escarpment or the Great Wall of Manitou, and known as the Catskill Front to geologists, is the range forming the northeastern corner of the Catskill Mountains in Greene and Ulster counties in the USA state of New York. It rises very abruptly from the Hudson Valley to summits above 3,000 ft in elevation, including three of the Catskill High Peaks, with almost no foothills. The plateau to the south and west averages 2,000 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Escarpment was the first area of the Catskills to attract the interest of European settlers. Botanist John Bartram wrote a widely read account of an expedition there prior to independence, and a century later the North-South Lake area he had visited became home to a number of exclusive resorts, including the Catskill Mountain House. Views of it inspired Thomas Cole and other painters of the Hudson River school, the first art movement in the United States. Today much of it is New York State Forest Preserve within the Catskill Park, and a popular place for hiking, camping and other outdoor recreation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Catskill Escarpment begins in the south at 3,140 ft Overlook Mountain, just north of Woodstock. The graded trail to the summit and the 360 degree unobstructed view from the fire tower is a popular destination. The next mountain in the chain, directly to the north-northeast, is Plattekill Mountain, at 3,100 ft dwarfed by its western neighbor, Indian Head Mountain, eastern end of the Devil&#39;s Path. To the north of Plattekill the ridge is broken by deep and narrow Platte Clove, the first of three breaks in the Escarpment. Just north of it the range crosses the Greene County line.</p><br>
<p>It rises again quickly to a high area around 3,655 ft Kaaterskill High Peak, the easternmost Catskill High Peak and the first of three along the Escarpment. North of it the Escarpment is again breached by Kaaterskill Clove, the largest of its three breaks. It carries NY 23A through the Escarpment to the towns of Haines Falls, Tannersville and Hunter. Along its northern side is Kaaterskill Falls, one of the Catskills&#39; oldest tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>Above Kaaterskill Clove rises South Mountain, after which the ridge levels to North-South Lake, the former locale of the Catskill Mountain House and other resorts of the late 19th century. Today it is a busy public campground. North of it the ridge rises again to 3,180 ft North Mountain, with the open views from North Point to its south one of the Catskills&#39; most popular hikes.</p><br>
<p>Beyond North Point the Escarpment turns to the northwest. The land drops off slightly, then rises once again to Stoppel Point, 3,420 ft in elevation. Then the Escarpment is broken once again by Dutcher or East Kill Notch, traversed only by an old road now used as a hiking trail. Another sharp rise leads up again to a ridge almost as high as Stoppel Point known unofficially as Arizona due to its dryness.</p><br>
<p>North of it rises Blackhead Mountain, the easternmost peak of the Blackhead Range and fifth highest in the Catskills overall. Its 3,940 ft summit is the highest point along the Escarpment, visible with its neighbors from as far north as Albany. After its steep northern slope the range curves more sharply to the west. Minor peaks Burnt Knob and Acra Point form the northern wall of Big Hollow along with 3,523 ft Windham High Peak, the last of the three High Peaks along the Escarpment and the mountain traditionally considered its northern end, as the lesser ranges to its west divide and do not rise as drastically as the Escarpment itself does from the nearby land.</p><br>
<p>Hydrologically, the entire Escarpment is within the Hudson Rivers drainage basin. To the east, Plattekill and Kaaterskill creeks drain the two cloves that share their names, and runoff from the ridge feeds Catskill Creek and other smaller tributaries of the Hudson in that area. To the west, with the exception of Kaaterskill High Peak, runoff feeds the headwaters and upper tributaries of Schoharie Creek, which rises at the height of land between Plattekill and Indian Head mountains. This makes them part of New York Citys water supply due to the creek&#39;s impoundment at Schoharie Reservoir. Beyond there the Schoharie drains into the Mohawk and then back into the Hudson at Cohoes.</p><br>
<p>The Escarpment is considered the only place in the Catskills where the regions boundary is distinct and unambiguous. In other directions the slow descent of the mountains into the hills of the Allegheny Plateau leads to arbitrary delineations of the ranges extent.</p><br>
<p>Due to its prominence, the Escarpment can be seen from a long distance around. It is a constant sight from not only the New York State Thruway in Greene County and the river but the Taconic State Parkway across the river and the mountains of western Connecticut and Massachusetts. From the Escarpment it is possible to see all those areas, plus Vermont, on a clear day. An overlook along Route 23 as it climbs the northern Escarpment is called Five State Lookout since New Hampshire&#39;s White Mountains are also visible.</p><br>
<p>Along the lower slopes, it forms part of the border between Ulster and Greene counties at its southern end. Within Greene County, it separates the towns of Catskill, Cairo and Durham on the lowland side from Hunter, Jewett and Windham in the mountains. The Catskill Park Blue Line also follows an irregular path along old property lines along its slopes from its southern end to the Route 23 junction, the northernmost point in the park.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The Escarpment owes its formation to three phases in different geological epochs. Two different processes shaped the range into what it is today.</p><br>
<p>Its limestone bedrock began forming 400 mya, during the Silurian period, when the Catskill region was a river delta and the shallow sea it drained into. The river carried eroded material from the Taconic Mountains to the northeast, then reaching as high as 15,000 ft over present-day sea level. Later, during the Acadian orogeny, the sea became the deeper Appalachian Basin, and the sand and clay from the newer mountains became the shale and sandstone found throughout the Catskills today.</p><br>
<p>Eventually the sea floor itself began to drain and uplift. The area of todays Escarpment and northeastern Catskills had been the rivers distributaries and had the thickest layer of Devonian sediments, leading it to uplift as a whole and become a plateau rather than fracturing into mountains. Gradually, the upper levels of the plateau began to erode and create stream basins, eventually becoming today&#39;s mountains and valleys</p><br>
<p>The Escarpment of that time was more gradually sloped than it is now, with much loose rock from its uplift. Sometime between 100,000 and 300,000 years ago, the Illinoian glaciation swept through the region. This had two impacts on the Escarpment. Not only did it scour and steepen its slopes, leaving the many bare cliffs found today, it carved out both Platte and Kaaterskill cloves from the narrower, shorter and shallower valleys of smaller streams. In the latter, the gouge in the Escarpment was so deep it resulted in stream capture, as the outflow streams from North-South Lake, the headwaters of what would eventually be named Schoharie Creek instead flowed down into the new gorge. This both created Kaaterskill Falls, one of the Catskills&#39; early tourist attractions, and relocated the source of the Schoharie to its present location.</p><br>
<p>As the Escarpment began to revegetate in the wake of the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation, its forests remained exposed to weather due to their location. Lightning in particular caused many forest fires. Catskill forest historian Michael Kudish believes that the southern Escarpment "has been burned over many times, perhaps hundred of times, during the last several thousand years".</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Escarpment is, in its early stages, the history of the Catskills, as the two were one and the same until modern surveying and science broadened the definition of the region in the late 19th century. No longer home to the Catskills&#39; highest peak, the Escarpment became just the most visible of the Catskill ranges.</p><br>
<h3>Native Americans and colonial era</h3><br>
<p>The Munsee and Mahican tribes of Native Americans indigenous to the Hudson Valley did not live in the mountains, but settled heavily in the valley below. They went up the Escarpment only to hunt or start fires to nurture hunting grounds and provide defensive barriers against other tribes, or to follow trails to other communities on the far side of the mountains. While nothing has been recorded from the early years of contact with European settlers of what role the mountains above them played in their religious beliefs, it is very likely that they did, given their animistic traditions.</p><br>
<p>In 1609 Henry Hudson&#39;s Halve Maen sailed up the river later named for him in search of a route to China. They became the first Europeans to see the Escarpment, and thus the Catskills. No one would explore them for a century, until Johannes Hardenbergh secured the 2 million-acre (810,000 ha) land grant that bore his name from colonial governor Lord Cornbury in 1708, a patent later affirmed by his cousin, Queen Anne. The language of the document specified that its northeastern corner was at a lake above the Escarpment believed to be the source of Kaaterskill Creek, later North-South Lake. The murky circumstances of the patent, likely involving official corruption, compounded by litigation from a competing group of claimants and interference with the crews attempting to survey the property limited efforts to explore or settle the Escarpment, much less the whole region.</p><br>
<p>That began to change in 1741 when early American naturalist John Bartram climbed up to a "shady vale" around North-South Lake, where he collected samples of the resin of the "Balm of Gilead" tree (balsam fir) to send to his English patron, Peter Collinson. He returned the next year for more. Collinson regularly prevailed on Bartram over the next several years to return for some seeds of the tree, which the former hoped to grow in England, and in 1753 he did, accompanied by a guide and his son William. Despite being seriously ill, he returned to South Lake. He was unable to harvest any seeds, but in the process became the first person to record a visit to Kaaterskill Falls. His account, "To ye Cats Kill Mountains with Billy", illustrated by the boy, was the first scientific report on the Catskills. It listed most of the flora of the area and speculated on how the mountains might have been formed.</p><br>
<h3>Independence and 19th century</h3><br>
<p>After the Revolution, the members of the Livingston family whose ancestral estate were the portion of the Hudsons eastern shore now the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark (NHL), continued to enjoy the semi-feudal landownership they had broken with the Crown to protect. They made sure their estate houses, like Clermont Manor and Montgomery Place, both also NHLs, provided ample views of the Escarpment across the river, lands which the family had started to acquire. "The view to be had from these houses became of the very first importance," according to Catskill historian Alf Evers. "... man looking toward the Catskills from the east bank could see a view the equal in almost every respect to the already famous ones admired by so many tourists to Englands Lake District." Horatio Spafford voiced a similar opinion at the time. " associate a mass of interesting, picturesque and sublime objects, no where exceeded in this country", he wrote in his 1813 gazetteer of the state. Later on, they followed the principles of Andrew Jackson Downing in designing their landscapes to provide views from its roads and paths. Even after the Livingstons moved on to other regions of the country, their reputation made the Catskills known in Britain as well as the USA</p><br>
<p>In 1812, Washington Irving visited the Livingston estates for a week; he may have taken some of his inspiration for "Rip Van Winkle", published seven years later, from that view. Other prominent American writers of the time took notice of the Catskills as well. In a famous passage in James Fenimore Cooper&#39;s The Pioneers, written in 1823, Natty Bumppo describes both Kaaterskill Falls and the Pine Orchard, the area Bartram had explored and written about decades before.</p><br>
<p>The same year the hotel later to become the Catskill Mountain House was built at the spot. DeWitt Clinton was an early visitor. In 1824, the Hunter Turnpike, forerunner of today&#39;s Route 23A, was cut through Kaaterskill Clove, making the whole area more accessible. Otherwise, the area remained the same undeveloped wilderness Bartram had explored.</p><br>
<p>It was an ideal subject for a young painter named Thomas Cole, who visited the Catskills in 1825 and stayed at the new hotel. Struck by its wildness and the many scenic views both from the Escarpment and of it, he took sketches of the area and returned several times to get more. The Catskills had been a subject of art since the 1730s, but the landscapes Cole eventually painted caused a sensation back in New York, with John Trumbull observing that Cole "has done what I have all my life attempted in vain". Other artists like Asher Durand and Frederick Church began following Cole up the Hudson, and their similarly styled Romantic renderings of the region, called the Hudson River school after a critics derisive remark, became the young nations first native art movement.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel era</h3><br>
<p>Poet William Cullen Bryant similarly used his art to glorify the Catskills, helping to create interest in the region as a tourist destination. Steamboat service up the Hudson, and later the railroads, made it even more accessible from New York City. Charles Beach took over a failing Catskill Mountain House in 1846 and turned it into one of mid-19th century America&#39;s most exclusive resorts, visited by presidents and other dignitaries. Guests explored the area, following paths and trails that still exist, to visit Kaaterskill Falls and other scenic spots.</p><br>
<p>Competing hotels opened up nearby over the next several decades. The Kaaterskill Hotel, founded by a disgruntled Mountain House guest, was located near the summit of South Mountain. The more modest Laurel House stood near the top of Kaaterskill Falls. Several hoteliers attempted to make a similar success on the summit of Overlook Mountain.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, the hotels started to lose their luster. The Catskills had already been displaced as New Yorks highest mountains by Mount Marcy and other Adirondack High Peaks; in 1879 Princeton geology professor Arnold Guyot, a regular summer guest at the Mountain House since the Civil War, announced that not only were the so-called "Shandaken Mountains" in Ulster County to the southwest geologically continuous with the Catskills, one of them, Slide Mountain, was at 4,180 ft the highest peak in the entire range, instead of the Escarpments Kaaterskill High Peak. He had also found that the Mountain House itself was not as high as Beach claimed. Beach and the other Escarpment resort owners tried to discredit Guyot and his findings, but within years they had been verified by others.</p><br>
<p>A few years later, in 1885, the state legislature responded to increasing concerns that rampant logging in the Adirondacks might cause erosion that would silt up the Erie Canal and make it unnavigable by creating the Forest Preserve, under which any state land in several counties was to be left "forever wild". The Catskills were included in a later, revised version of the bill, when the Ulster County delegation saw a chance to take some tax-delinquent properties, and the countys obligations to the state, off the counties hands. In 1894 the legislature and voters responded to loopholes in the legislation by writing it into the state constitution, where it has remained as Article 14 ever since.</p><br>
<p>While this had no immediate effect on the hoteliers, other trends of the era began producing a decline in guests at the Escarpment hotels. Expansions of the railroad network meant that the wealthy guests who had previously been content to go to the Mountain House or Kaaterskill instead went to their own great camps in the Adirondacks, or to other mountainous or coastal regions. Competing hotels in areas further inland now recognized as being in the Catskills claimed to offer a more genuine mountain experience, and purer air, to their guests.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The state made its first significant purchases along the Escarpment in 1900, with parcels along the ridgetop north of Blackhead. Beach, who had finally dropped his resistance to Jewish guests and electricity, died in 1902 and left his hotel to his sons. The roads up the cloves were paved to accommodate the then-new automobile. Since guests could then more easily reach the newer resorts further into the mountains, the Mountain House continued to suffer. The incline railroad was shut down in 1918. When the Hotel Kaaterskill burned down in 1924, it was not rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The next year the state acquired Stoppel Point, complementing its purchase of Kaaterskill High Peak, most of Overlook, Plattekill and Roundtop in 1921, which had capped two decades of acquisitions on the northern Escarpment. It closed in on the Mountain House with the purchase of South Mountain and the former Kaaterskill site as the decade ended, and the son-in-law who now owned the Mountain House had to sell most of the tract to the state to make ends meet.</p><br>
<p>Despite the onset of the Great Depression, the Mountain House struggled through a few years, closing for a while, then reopening for one final season in 1942 under new ownership. New owners also began building a third Overlook Hotel in 1927 and continued throughout the 1930s; however, their supplies were stolen during World War II and the project was abandoned. Its decaying frame remains near the mountain&#39;s summit.</p><br>
<p>There were some attempts to revive the Mountain House after the war, and preservationists urged that it be restored as an architectural treasure. But the increasingly decrepit building was becoming hazardous to the hikers who explored it, and after the state acquired the building and the lands around it in 1962, the then-Conservation Department burned it down early the next year. Only its stone gateposts remain. Five years later the Laurel House was demolished as well.</p><br>
<p>The Escarpment&#39;s transition from private paradise to public playground was complete, although the last mountaintop parcel, the summit of Overlook, was not fully acquired until 1996. Over the course of the rest of the century, the state developed North-South Lake into the busy campground it is today and cut new trails and marked old roads and paths throughout the range. Today the Forest Preserve along the Escarpment is divided into several different management units and administered according to the Catskill State Land Master Plan.</p><br>
<h2>Natural environment</h2><br>
<p>The forests of the Escarpment reflect their history, location and topography. The retreat of the glaciers, particularly on the ridgetops and northern and eastern slopes, scoured the rock, further distressing the growing environment on what are the Catskills&#39; steepest and most exposed slopes. As a result, the coniferous evergreen species characteristic of boreal forests such as red spruce and the balsam fir Bartram sought appear in much higher concentrations, and at lower elevations, then they do elsewhere in the Catskills. The summit of North Mountain, at 3,180 feet (970 m) above sea level, is covered in boreal forest, the lowest Catskill summit of which this is true. While there are no true alpine zones in the Catskills, Kudish has found the only areas in the range which come close along the Escarpment at elevations between 2,260 and along the Escarpment as it rises from lakes to North Mountain. These are exposed ridgetops where three-toothed cinquefoil, and in one mountain sandwort, is found. Since those species are shade-intolerant, it suggests that the sites have not reforested since the end of glaciation.</p><br>
<p>At lower elevations, the many fires that have raged over the region have left it with a mixed forest where oak and pine predominate. Several large areas of Norway spruce were planted on the north slopes of Windham High Peak during reforestation efforts following state land acquisitions in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Dominant fauna of the Escarpment are the species found elsewhere in the Catskills: white-tailed deer, porcupine, fisher, black bear and snowshoe hare. There have been some rare bobcat sightings up on the ridge. Bird species like the rare Bicknell&#39;s thrush and ruffed grouse nest in the boreal forests. A few timber rattlesnake dens are known to exist on the rocky ledges of Overlook at the southern end of the range. The paucity of water on the ridgetops and the slopes means that there are few major fish or amphibian species in the Escarpment, save around North-South Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>Most of the Escarpment, including all its mountaintops and ridges, has been acquired by the state and added to the Forest Preserve, requiring that it be kept forever wild. Private land is found only in the cloves, where some of it is also protected. The Forest Preserve lands are divided into management units by the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Initially all of the state lands save North-South Lake Public Campground were classified as Wild Forests, a protection level unique to New York that is slightly less restrictive than wilderness. In 2008 an updated Catskill State Land Master Plan combined the North Mountain, Windham High Peak and Blackhead Range Wild Forests into one new unit, the Windham-Blackhead Range Wilderness. Two old roads through the Escarpment were also given a new classification, Primitive Bicycle Corridor, to accommodate mountain bikes.</p><br>
<p>From north to south, the areas are:</p><br>
<p>Overlook Turnpike Primitive Bicycle Corridor: The road up Overlook Mountain and past Plattekill Mountain to the end of Prediger Road in the Town of Hunter.</p><br>
<p>Overlook Mountain Wild Forest: 590 acre around the road up Overlook and the mountain&#39;s summit.</p><br>
<p>Indian Head Wilderness Area. Eastern section of the wilderness area that includes the entire Devil&#39;s Path located on the Escarpment. Includes Echo Lake, the only significant body of water in a Catskill wilderness area.</p><br>
<p>Platte Clove Preserve. A 288 acre tract owned by the Catskill Center for Conservation and Development at the head of the clove. The only privately owned protected area in the Escarpment.</p><br>
<p>Kaaterskill Wild Forest This 8,550 acre management unit includes all the state land on Kaaterskill High Peak, and, in the updated plan, the Kaaterskill Clove and South Mountain areas including Kaaterskill Falls.</p><br>
<p>North Lake-South Lake State Campground. The 1,100 acre former site of the Mountain House and other hotels is the most-visited section of the Escarpment, with over two hundred campsites.</p><br>
<p>Windham-Blackhead Range Wilderness. Created in the updated master plan from the merger of three smaller Wild Forests. Its 17,100 acre surround the Big Hollow Valley and include the Escarpment from North Point to past Windham high Peak.</p><br>
<p>Colgate Lake/Dutcher Notch Primitive Bicycle Corridor: The 2.4 mi old road from the lake through the notch and down the east side of the Escarpment.</p><br>
<p>Elm Ridge Wild Forest: Formerly part of the Windham High Peak Wild Forest, this 1,355 acre unit occupies the north end of the Escarpment within the Catskill Park.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational use</h2><br>
<p>All the Escarpment&#39;s public lands are available for passive recreation such as hiking, camping and birding. Hunting and fishing are permitted within season and as otherwise regulated by the state. Unpowered boating is permitted on Echo and North-South lakes.</p><br>
<p>Use is free except for North-South Lake Public Campground, for which a $8 fee is charged per vehicle in season (Campers are also charged $22 for the site). In return, heavier-impact camping and activities are allowed, and greater services are provided to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Escarpment has many hiking trails. Foremost among them is the 22.3 mi Escarpment Trail, which begins at Schutt Road just outside the campground gate. From there it goes north to Route 23, climbing over Stoppel Point, Blackhead and Windham High Peak along the way. All but the southernmost 2.5 mi are also part of the Long Path long-distance trail, which itself traverses Kaaterskill High Peak and descends Kaaterskill Clove to near Palenville and then reascends to join the Escarpment Trail. Backpackers starting near Woodstock can use the trail up that mountain to hike the entire Escarpment, connecting to the Long Path between Indian Head and Plattekill mountains.</p><br>
<p>Other trails climb the ridge, all from the west with the exception of the Dutcher Notch Trail. They mainly provide access to the Escarpment Trail, except for the old trails around the Mountain House property at North-South Lake which provide short connections and loop trips between the campground and various sections of the Escarpment Trail. The most popular trail in the entire Catskills is the short trail up to Kaaterskill Falls from Route 23A, formerly the southernmost section of the Escarpment Trail until it was closed above the falls for safety reasons.</p><br>
<p>Cabalian Volcano is an active volcano located in the province of Southern Leyte  in the Philippines.</p><br>
<h2>Physical Features</h2><br>
<p>Cabalian is classified by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) as active with solfataric activity. Radiocarbon dating on a pyroclastic flow deposit from the volcano estimated that the last eruption was in 1820 +/- 30 years.</p><br>
<p>The cinder cone volcano has an elevation of 945 m with a base diameter of 8.5 km. The predominant rock type is andesite. Beside solfataras, other thermal features present are hot springs located on the east and west flank of the volcano. Mainit Hot Spring in the municipality of Anahawan, Southern Leyte has a temperature of 63.4 -.</p><br>
<h3>Cabalian Lake</h3><br>
<p>Cabalian Lake is a 500 m wide lake that occupies the summit crater of the volcano. The surface elevation of the lake is at 2,405 ft.</p><br>
<p>This lake is often confused with Lake Danao, which is located near Ormoc City in Leyte province.</p><br>
<p>Hattertown is a village in the town of Newtown, Connecticut, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Hattertown Historic District and includes a smaller local historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hattertown takes its name from the hat-manufacturing trade around which the village grew in the early 19th century. "Hatting" was a major economic activity in western Connecticut in the 19th century, having started in Danbury in about 1780. Hats were made from felt formed from animal fur. As hat production increased, the manufacturing activity spread from Danbury to surrounding areas where the supply of fur-bearing animals such as muskrat, fox, and beaver had not yet been depleted.</p><br>
<p>A small village existed at the site of Hattertown before 1821, when the Taylor and Benedict families arrived there and began hat production. Hattertown was later to become one of the few places in the region where an entire village was directly involved in the hat trade. Hatting in the village was a cottage industry in which hat producers made rough-formed hats for sale to wholesalers in Danbury or "front shops" in New York City where they would be finished.</p><br>
<p>Hatting continued in Hattertown until at least 1856, but it was in decline by the 1840s as fur processing and hat forming were becoming increasingly mechanized and the local supply of fur-bearing animals was largely depleted.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Hattertown Historic District is centered on the Hattertown Green, which dates from the late 19th century and is bound by Hattertown Road, Hi Barlow Road, Gregory Lane, and the intersections of Castle Meadow Road and Aunt Park Lane.</p><br>
<p>Corregidor is an extinct volcanic caldera located at the entrance to Manila Bay in the Republic of the Philippines. The caldera is composed of the islands of Corregidor and Caballo in the province of Cavite, which are believed to be the exposed rim of the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Physical Features</h2><br>
<p>Corregidor is classified by Philippine volcanologists as a potentially-active caldera with a rim elevation of 173 m and a base diameter of 4 km.</p><br>
<p>Predominant rock type is dacite with a 72.68% silica dioxide content.</p><br>
<h2>Eruption</h2><br>
<p>Last eruption was about 1 million years (1.10 +/-0.09 Ma) BP based on the age of deposits.</p><br>
<h2>Listings</h2><br>
<p>The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) lists the volcano as potentially active. The reason for this listing rather than inactive, is not disclosed on the PHIVOLCS website listing.</p><br>
<p>Corregidor is not listed with the Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Global Volcanism Program as it has no known eruptions in the Holocene epoch (around 10,000 years ago).</p><br>
<h2>Geographical and General Information</h2><br>
<p>Grindstone Lake is a large freshwater lake located in north central Wisconsin in the Town of Bass Lake, Sawyer County, United States, in township 40 north, ranges 8 and 9 west. The lake is roughly oval shaped being approximately three miles in length east to west and two miles (3 km) north to south. Grindstone Lake is 3,176 acre in size (including islands) with a maximum depth of 60 ft and a shoreline of 10.5 mi. The lake has a small inlet stream (Grindstone Creek) that enters on the east shore of the lake and that originates from a series of springs (Upper Grindstone, Grindstone, Graveyard, and Lower Grindstone Springs) that are located a short distance northeast of the lake. There is an outlet on the southeast shore of the lake that leads through a small stream (also called Grindstone Creek) to Lac Courte Oreilles.</p><br>
<p>Grindstone Lake is located approximately six miles southeast of the city of Hayward, the primary commercial and retail center of the area, and is one of three large natural lakes (Lac Courte Oreilles, Grindstone Lake, and Round Lake) located to the south and east of the city. There is a small unincorporated residential community on the south side of the lake commonly referred to as Northwoods (or North Woods) Beach. The eastern part of the lake is located in the Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation. The shore of the lake is principally occupied by seasonal lake cabins and homes.</p><br>
<p>There are two public boat landings on Grindstone Lake: an improved landing at the southwest corner and a small, unimproved landing at the southeast corner near the outlet stream. A large commercial Cranberry bog was formerly located on the southwest shore of the lake near the improved boat landing but has now been closed. Grindstone Lake is a popular resort area drawing cabin owners and visitors from the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, and Chicago metropolitan areas.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of name</h2><br>
<p>The Dictionary of Wisconsin History states that the name "Grindstone Lake" originates from the Chippewa word Gaa-zhiigwanaabikokaag meaning "a place abundant with grindstones." However, the lake has not always been referred to as "Grindstone Lake" in the past. Henry Schoolcraft in the report of his expedition through this area in 1831 called it "Lac du Gres" which means "Sandstone Lake" in French. Captain James Allen who accompanied Schoolcraft on an expedition in the following year (1832) to the source of the Mississippi River produced a detailed map of the northern Minnesota/Wisconsin area after that trip. On this map he labels Grindstone Lake in English as "Sandstone Lake."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to European exploration, the area of Grindstone Lake was inhabited by the Ojibwa Indians. The first known visit by Europeans to the area was around 1659 when Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers travelled from Chequamegon Bay on Lake Superior southward through the area and stayed for a period at an Indian village that has been identified as being located on the nearby Lac Courte Oreilles.</p><br>
<p>Grindstone Lake was apparently well travelled by Indians and early traders and explorers who used it as part of the route from Lac Courte Oreilles (in the Chippewa River watershed), through Grindstone Lake and Windigo Lake and over the Namekagon Portage, to the Namekagon River (in the St. Croix River watershed). A later explorer, Jonathan Carver, passed through the area in 1767 and (on his way from the Indian village on Lac Courte Oreilles to the Namekagon River) specifically travelled through what the editor identifies as Grindstone Lake on June 29, 1767. The area was later visited by Henry Schoolcraft in 1831 who described crossing from the St. Croix River watershed to the Chippewa River watershed by ascending the Namekagon River, crossing the Namekagon Portage, and passing through Windigo Lake (called by him Lac des Isles) and Grindstone Lake (called by him Lac du Gres) to Lac Courte Oreilles.</p><br>
<p>Miquelon  also known as Grande Miquelon, is one of the islands of the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, an Overseas collectivity of France located in the Atlantic Ocean, 22 km south of the coast of Newfoundland. Miquelon is situated between Le Cap Island to the north and Langlade Island  to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The name Miquelon purportedly derived from a Basque nickname for "Michael" (Mikel). In 1579, the names Micquetõ and Micquelle appeared for the first time in French Basque mariner Martin de Hoyarçabal&#39;s maritime pilot. The name evolved over time into Miclon, Micklon, and finally Miquelon (Mikelune in Basque).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Miquelon&#39;s coastline includes numerous sand and pebbles beaches enclosing lagoons, as well as high rocky cliffs standing up to 25 m on the east coast. Its geology consists of slightly metamorphosed post-Ordovician volcanic rocks, mainly rhyolites with breccias, andesites and basalts. On the south of the Miquelon Island is a large lagoon known as the Grand Barachois, which is host to a large population of seals and other wildlife. Miquelon is also a well known destination for bird watching.</p><br>
<p>Miquelon is connected to Le Cap by a tombolo 3 km long and in places less than 100 m wide. To the south, Miquelon is connected to Langlade Island by a sandy isthmus that formed in the 18th century that is 12 km in length from 100 m to 6 m wide.</p><br>
<p>The island of Saint Pierre Island is across a treacherous and foggy 6 km strait that fishermen named "The Mouth of Hell" (La Gueule de L&#39;Enfer) that has been the site of more than 600 shipwrecks.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate is typical of the North Atlantic and the Labrador Current, with frequent storms and winds that exceed 60 km/h for nearly six months of the year. The summers are cool and foggy. The average annual temperature is 5.5 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Miquelon includes the commune of Miquelon-Langlade, with a population of 626 in 2012. Miquelon Airport serves the population via turboprop or small jet aircraft. The majority of the residents live in the town also called Miquelon, located in the north of the island near La Cap. The residents are known as Miquelonnais and are citizens of France.</p><br>
<p>Lusen  is a mountain in Bavaria  and in the Plzeň Region . Its peak is about 4,450 ft south of the Czech Republic–Germany border. Streams forming on the north side become tributaries of the Vydra.</p><br>
<p>The Lusen is popular for hiking in summer and winter. There is a winter trail which is usually cleared of snow. However the bohemean wind might blow rather strongly and covers everything in ice as you can see in this.</p><br>
<p>The winter trail is also ideal for sledging.</p><br>
<h2>Nature protection area</h2><br>
<p>the Naturschutzgebiet Lusengipfel mit Hochwald wurde durch Bekanntmachung des Staatsministeriums des Innern vom 15. April 1969, Bayer. G.V.-Blatt Nr. 7/1969 errichtet. Es war 419,17 Hektar groß und erstreckte sich nordwestlich bis zum Großen Spitzberg. Heute gehört es zum Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald.</p><br>
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<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Horatio P. Van Cleve House is a house in the Marcy-Holmes neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The house contains elements of the Greek Revival and Italianate styles. It was originally built for William Kimball, a furniture manufacturer; the Van Cleves were the second owners. Horatio P. Van Cleve served as colonel of the 2nd Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and later a general during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>His wife, Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark Van Cleve, was the mother of 12 children, a women&#39;s suffrage advocate, and the first woman elected to the Minneapolis School Board. She was also a social reformer who founded an organization to help "erring women" in 1875. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Swinford Townhouses and Apartments are a development of townhouses and apartments in the Loring Park neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Both buildings are located in an area that surrounded the once-elegant Hawthorne Park. The townhomes were built first, in 1886 by Hodgson & Sons in the Second Empire style, using red brick, stone, and terra cotta. The apartments were designed in 1897 by locally prominent architect Harry Wild Jones, who preferred an eclectic style. The building is four stories tall, built of red brick and stone, and features a corner bay. They were built by Anthony Kelly, a nineteenth-century businessman who pioneered the wholesale grocery business in Minneapolis. Both the townhouses and the apartments were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The apartments are now incorporated in the Laurel Village development.</p><br>
<p>The Promontory Mountains are a range in Box Elder County, Utah. The range is oriented north-south and has a length of about 35 mi. The southern portion forms a cape extending 20 mi south into the Great Salt Lake. The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed with the Golden Spike just north of the range at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory. Today, trains cross the Promontory Point at the southern tip of the range via the Lucin Cutoff railroad causeway across the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Promontory Mountains are a block fault range typical of the Basin and Range Province. The west side of the range is bounded by the East Great Salt Lake normal fault which passes under the lake along the west side of Antelope Island and on to the south shore of the lake to the west side of the Oquirrh Mountains where it continues on strike as the Oquirrh Fault. The East Antelope Island fault runs from the east side of Antelope Island to the north beneath the lake to the east side of the Promentaries where it continues as the East Promontory Mountains fault zone. These two fault systems parallel the larger Wasatch Fault which runs to the east of Great Salt Lake. The faults are normal faults which dip to the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Promontory Mountains of 35 mi were bypassed by the First Transcontinental Railroad (north) and the replacement 1904 Lucin Cutoff trestle through Promontory Point (south), which was replaced by a 1959 causeway.</p><br>
<p>The "Old &#39;76 House", also known as the 76 House, in Tappan, New York, is a Dutch-style house built in 1754 by Casparus Mabie, a merchant and tavern-keeper.</p><br>
<p>Hearsay or legend suggests that the house was built during the founding of Tappan in 1686. The source of this hearsay may be the fact that one Antie Myers, a widow, was licensed in 1705 to sell drink, "as per her recognizance," in her house in the immediate neighborhood of todays 76 House. After her death in around 1721, Antie Myers house, around the corner from the 76 House, was purchased by Yoast Mabie, a brother of Casparus. The house was demolished in 1835. In 1753, Casparus Mabie bought a piece of land from Cornelis Myers, Antie&#39;s son.</p><br>
<p>The following year, when he built his house on this lot on what was to become Main Street in Tappan, Casparus Mabie included space for a tavern, probably no more than a few tables and benches in a corner of the front room. Two years later, in 1756, court records indicate that the "Supervisors for the County of Orange at the House of Casparus Maybe, in Orange Town October the 5th Anno Domine 1756." These documents describe meetings of the Board of Supervisors over the years and provide details of the food and ale they consumed and the business they conducted.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Other hearsay, such as the ideas that prior to 1755, the 76 House was known as "Mabies Inn", was home to Yoast Mabie, and was the site of the signing of the Orangetown Resolutions in 1774, has been disproved by historians. Rather, prior to 1755, the 76 House did not exist. The land on which it was built was vacant. Yoasts house was around the corner. And it is documented that the Orangetown Resolutions were signed in 1774 in Yoast Mabie&#39;s house, now demolished.</p><br>
<p>The 76 House was often used during the American Revolutionary War as a meeting place for local Patriots. For a few days in 1780, it served as the prison of the Revolutions most notorious spy, Major John André. When the Continental Army encamped in Tappan, the house was the headquarters for General Nathanael Greene. By this time, Casparus Mabie had built another house for his family on "very good upland" behind the 76 House on what is today called André Hill, where the spy was hanged after his trial in the Tappan Reformed Church. General George Washington did not attend the trial, nor did he "question" André, as some sources claim. In fact, Washington did not respond to the spys request that he be shot as befitted a gentleman and an officer rather than hanged like a common criminal.</p><br>
<h3>Revolutionary headquarters</h3><br>
<p>As the war continued, Fort Lee in New Jersey and New York City were British strongholds, West Point was a Revolutionary stronghold, and Tappan became a front line in the conflict. George Washington made the nearby De Wint House his headquarters. There is no documentary evidence that he drank or ate at the 76 House. He brought his own chef to Tappan with him, Samuel Fraunces of Fraunces Tavern. Nor is there evidence that he met the British Commander Carleton at the 76 House at the end of the war. The dinner they had together in Tappan was at the De Wint House. Samuel Fraunces was chef.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1987, Rob Norden purchased the restaurant, which is now owned and operated by his son, also Rob. The Nordens undertook a significant research and restoration project to restore the older appearance and deal with structural problems. The foundation was strengthened with concrete. The floor and ceiling joists, weakened by sagging of the foundation, were replaced by others from a barn in Ontario as old as the tavern, and the floorboards were replaced with similar boards from a schoolhouse in Pennsylvania. The &#39;76 House is a contributing property to the Tappan Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Several scenes from "College", the fifth episode of The Sopranos first season, were shot at the Old 76 House as were several scenes from the movie Stepmom starring Susan Sarandon and Julia Roberts.</p><br>
<p>St Ives Bay  is a bay on the Atlantic coast of north-west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is in the form of a shallow crescent, some 4 miles or 6 km across, between St Ives in the west and Godrevy Head in the east.</p><br>
<p>At the most southerly point of St Ives Bay, the River Hayle flows into the sea through sand dunes and across the beach. Behind the dunes, the river forms a broad tidal estuary which includes an area of salt marsh and a largely disused port (see article on the industrial history of Hayle). The estuary is a popular place for birdwatching and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds maintains a reserve there.</p><br>
<p>The eastern coast of the bay is a three-mile (5 km) unbroken sandy beach backed by a substantial system of coastal dunes known as The Towans which stretches from Porth Kidney Sands in the west to Godrevy Head in the east. This stretch of beach is popular for surfing, particularly in the Gwithian area.</p><br>
<p>The western side of the bay is on higher ground and is more densely inhabited with substantial settlements at Lelant, Carbis Bay and St Ives. The western coast of the bay is rockier with several small beaches separated by headlands.</p><br>
<p>The Stones reef lies about one mile north-west of Godrevy Head and presents a hazard to navigation - the lighthouse on Godrevy Island warns mariners of the danger. Inshore hazards include the strong tidal stream around Godrevy Island and the tidal current at the mouth of the River Hayle.</p><br>
<h2>Transport and access</h2><br>
<p>By rail: The Penzance to Plymouth Cornish Main Line railway passes south of the bay with stations at St Erth and Hayle and a branch, the St Ives Bay Line, runs from St Erth to St Ives.</p><br>
<p>By road: The B3301 coast road runs from Godrevy to Hayle behind the dunes, with many points of access to the coast. The A30 trunk road passes south of Hayle.</p><br>
<p>On foot: The South West Coast Path follows the coast around St Ives Bay although it makes a detour inland around the Hayle estuary.</p><br>
<h2>Places around St Ives Bay</h2><br>
<p>Towns and villages</p><br>
<p>Carbis Bay</p><br>
<p>Connor Downs</p><br>
<p>Gwithian</p><br>
<p>Hayle</p><br>
<p>Lelant</p><br>
<p>Phillack</p><br>
<p>St Erth</p><br>
<p>St Ives</p><br>
<p>Rivers</p><br>
<p>The Red River</p><br>
<p>River Hayle</p><br>
<p>Other features</p><br>
<p>Hayle Towans</p><br>
<p>Godrevy Head</p><br>
<p>Godrevy Lighthouse</p><br>
<p>Hayle estuary Site of Special Scientific Interest</p><br>
<p>The Headquarters Building at Lassen Volcanic National Park was built in 1928 in an adapted National Park Service Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>The building served not only as the administration building but as a visitor center, and it quickly became too small for the developing parks needs. It was remodeled three times during its first eleven years. In 1932, the west wing was expanded with an addition that included mens and womens bathrooms and an enlargement to the superintendents office. A back porch was added in 1935 to protect the doorways and windows from snow and to provide storage space for furnace wood.</p><br>
<p>The parks Developmental Outline for 1938 states that due to development in the park, the building was not large enough, adding "oreover, the present building does not have sufficient storage space, is hard to keep warm in winter, and presents a bleak and unattractive aspect on the outside which gives all park visitors coming by the Headquarters Area a very bad first impression of the park." The park proposed moving the present building elsewhere on the site and converting it to housing, and building a new Administration and Visitor Center Building. Funding was not available for a new building so from 1939 through 1940 the building received a major renovation with the addition of an east wing, which also included an addition to the basement. This work was done according to drawings LV-NP 3004 C & D, designed by G. W. Norgard of the Branch of Plans and Designs, and was a Civilian Conservation Corps construction project. At that time, an engineers office was added to the second floor, the stairs were reconfigured, a clerks office was added to the first floor and the Assistant Superintendents office was expanded. The new east wing had a wood shingled dormer on the south side, and a similar dormer was added to the west wing and the eave extended. The front entrance porch in the north wing was enclosed to expand the lobby and a new stone porch was added to its east side. Stone veneer was applied below the windows on the front and on the exposed concrete foundations. A wood flagpole in a stone base and a stone water fountain were installed on the front lawn.</p><br>
<p>The Nicholas Gotten House is located on 2969 Court Street in Bartlett, Tennessee, United States. It houses the Bartlett Museum, a local history museum operated by the Bartlett Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The white frame structure was built by Nicholas Gotten in 1871 in the New England saltbox style. A saltbox is a wooden frame house with a long, pitched roof that slopes down to the back.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nicholas Gotten immigrated from Germany at the age of 22 in 1854. He was a blacksmith and served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War under Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest. In the years following the war, Gotton made a living as a miller and ginner. He and his wife Julia Coleman raised three children in the house.</p><br>
<p>Until the late 1970s, the Gotten House was owned by the City of Bartlett and used as the Bartlett Police Station. In the early 1980s, the house was leased by the City of Bartlett to the Bartlett Historic Society in a 50-year contract for $1 per year, to save the house from planned demolition and to refurbish the property. The structure became the seat of the Bartlett Historic Society, and since 1990 it has housed the Bartlett Museum. Exhibits on display at the museum are of relevance to local history: the collection includes photographs, written documents on the history of Bartlett, artifacts, and period furniture. The museum is open to the public every first and third Sunday of the month from 2-4 pm. Admission to the museum is free.</p><br>
<p>On March 20, 2002, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After a $100,000 renovation in 2007, which included authentic new windows, doors and fixtures, the Gotten house was declared a Bartlett Historic Landmark by the Bartlett Historic Preservation Commission in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Tubbs Cordage Company Office Building is a small frame structure located in San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, in the Fisherman&#39;s Wharf district of San Francisco, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1890 structure was originally located at the Tubbs Cordage factory, at 611-613 Front Street, San Francisco. It was moved to Hyde Street Pier for display and preservation in 1963, and moved again in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Tubbs Cordage Company Office is of local historical significance in the category of industry due to its association with the Tubbs Cordage Company and its rope factory founded in San Francisco by Alfred L. Tubbs and his brother Hiram where the first commercial manufacture of rope on the Pacific Coast was accomplished.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The office is a small, single-story, single-room office building (with the addition, after the historic period, of a small closet, with a sink and toilet, as well as an office cubicle). The exterior is painted a dark brownish-red, common on industrial buildings in the last century, and sometimes referred to as "mineral" red or "iron" red, with white trim. This was the color scheme of the office at the time of its move to Hyde Street Pier. The structure stands by itself at the pier, just as it did on the original site.</p><br>
<p>Rectangular in shape, the building dimensions are 21 by 26 feet. There is no basement, and the structure rests upon redwood sills. One story high, the building is framed with redwood siding.</p><br>
<p>This article concerns the historic Virginia building. For other places called "Commonwealth Club", see Commonwealth Club.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Club, is a private gentlemens club in Richmond, Virginia, USA. Its present clubhouse was completed in 1891. The defining structure of the Commonwealth Club Historic District, it is located at 401 West Franklin Street. The Commonwealth Club is considered to be one of the finest pieces of architecture in Richmond and was a physical symbol of Richmonds New South movement.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>After an unsuccessful attempt to acquire plans from local firms, the Board of the Commonwealth Club looked outside of Richmond to develop a style that reflected the momentum of a more national architectural movement. The site proposed for the building, formerly the Palmer House, was located high above the street level. While the board desired a style broadly fashionable, they also desired the building to reflect Richmond as a southern city. The New York City based firm of Carrère and Hastings was chosen from a group of four firms.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Club is a unique structure among Richmond buildings. Characterized by its deep red brick, brownstone trim and terra cotta cartouches, the building is a combination of Colonial revival and Richardsonian Romanesque styles. The Colonial revival tradition is reflected to promote a heritage for the future and the Richardsonian style reflected the ability of Richmonders to afford an architectural style fashionable on a national level. It is classified by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources as Italian Renaissance Revival.</p><br>
<p>The Desert Queen Mine was one of the more successful and long-lived mines of the high desert  in San Bernardino County, California. The abandoned mine is located in Joshua Tree National Park.</p><br>
<p>The mine is associated with Jim McHaney, a local cattle rustler, and Bill Keys, a noted rancher. The mine facilities are largely ruinous. The mine was not spectacularly successful but was sufficiently productive to remain in operation for nearly seventy-five years.</p><br>
<p>The mine itself consisted of several vertical and horizontal shafts, of which four vertical shafts, five inclined shafts, and ten horizontal adits remain. Tailings piles appear in several places, with quantities of machinery scattered about the site.</p><br>
<p>The mine was established by a man named Frank L. James in the early 1890s. The rich ore initially found prompted local outlaw gang leader and cattle rustler Jim McHaney to take over the mine. McHaney sent two of his men, Charley Martin and a man named Myers, to demand the mine from James. James refused, and Martin shot and killed him with a gun borrowed from Myers, after forcing James to sign over the property. Martin was acquitted of murder charges on grounds of self-defense.</p><br>
<p>McHaney initially prospered but borrowed heavily to expand and fell behind on payments to the bank, ultimately losing the mine. The mine passed into the hands of William F. Keys around 1917, who operated the mine until 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Ryan House and Lost Horse Well are historic ruins in Joshua Tree National Park, California, United States. It was established by the family of J.D. Ryan, the later developers of the Lost Horse Mine, which became the most profitable mine in the area. The Lost Horse Well at the Ryan Ranch supplied water to the Lost Horse Mine, 3 mi south and 750 ft, by pipeline.</p><br>
<p>The six-room house was built as an adobe residence in 1896 with later wood frame additions. It was destroyed by fire August 12, 1978. Originally roughly 30 by, the ruin has 3 rooms, each measuring 12 ft wide and 16 ft long. Adobe walls sit on stone masonry foundation, and there are concrete stoops on the north and south sides. There is a small stone fireplace located on the east side of the house.</p><br>
<p>A small cemetery is near the ranch with about 10 graves.</p><br>
<p>The Dozois Reservoir  is a man-made lake in central Quebec, Canada. It is fully within the unorganized territory of Réservoir-Dozois and the La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Dozois Reservoir, located about 10 kilometers west of Cabonga Reservoir and about 15 km east of Great Victoria Lake, is fed by the Chochocouane, Capitachouane, and Ottawa Rivers. It is accessible directly off Quebec Route 117.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1949, construction of the Bourque Dam began on the Ottawa River, forming Dozois Reservoir. The rising waters flooded numerous smaller lakes, including Lake Soulier, Déléage Bay, and Lake Dozois. The reservoir took its name from Lake Dozois, which in turn was named after Nazaire-Servule Dozois (1859-1932), missionary in Témiscamingue and Assistant General of the Oblates from 1904 to 1932. The name Lake Dozois has been in use since circa 1913, when it replaced "Birch Lake" which appeared on the map of Quebec in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Cow Camp, located in Joshua Tree National Park, was associated with cattle rustling in the 1880s and 1890s. It was then later used as a line camp for cattle ranching. A stone chimney, two small dams, watering troughs and a well remain. One dam was built by local rancher and character William F. Keys.</p><br>
<p>The camp was first established by the "McHaney Gang" in the late 1880s. Cattle rustlers used the camp into the 1890s. Jim McHaney reputedly murdered the discoverer of the Desert Queen Mine before losing it to a bank, then sold Cow Camp in 1894 to George Myers. McHaney eventually was convicted of counterfeiting $20 gold pieces in gold-plated lead and was sentenced to seventeen years in jail. In the 1920s Bill Keys, who had inherited McHaney&#39;s holdings, took over Cow Camp as part of his ranching operation.</p><br>
<p>The Keys Ranch is the prime example of early settlement in the Joshua Tree National Park area. Bill Keys was the areas leading character, and his ranch is a symbol of the resourcefulness of early settlers. The ranch is an extensive complex of small frame buildings built between 1910 and Keys death in 1969. Keys pursued both ranching and mining to make a living in the desert.</p><br>
<p>William F. Keys was born at Palisade, Nebraska, in 1879. After working as a ranch hand and smelter worker, he was a deputy sheriff in Mohave County, Arizona. During a time in Death Valley, he befriended Death Valley Scotty, becoming involved in a swindle that resulted in the so-called "Battle of Wingate Pass". He arrived in the Twentynine Palms, California area in 1910. In the area that became Joshua Tree National Park, he became acquainted with local outlaw and cattle rustler Jim McHaney, taking care of him in declining health. Keys eventually took over McHaneys properties after McHaneys death, gradually expanding what became the Desert Queen, its name borrowed from the nearby Desert Queen Mine.</p><br>
<p>Keys married Francis M. Lawton in 1918, and they had seven children together, three of whom died and were buried at the ranch. During a dispute over the Wall Street Mill, Keys shot and killed Worth Bagley. Keys was convicted of murder and went to San Quentin Prison, where Keys educated himself in the library. Keys was paroled in 1950 and was pardoned in 1956 through the efforts of Erle Stanley Gardner, author of the Perry Mason novels.</p><br>
<p>Mining equipment at the ranch includes an arrastra and a stamp mill for ore processing. Other buildings include an adobe barn, a schoolhouse, a tack shed, machine shed, cemetery and a variety of houses and cabins.</p><br>
<p>Park rangers provide guided walking tours of the ranch from October through May. Tours are limited in size and should be booked in advance.</p><br>
<p>The Wall Street Mill in Joshua Tree National Park was a complete and operable gold ore crushing mill featuring late-19th century two-stamp mill machinery. Consequently the significance encompasses the mill machinery, the building which houses it, the well which supplied water for the mill&#39;s operation, and the well pump. It is the only gold ore crushing mill in the region that retains integrity.</p><br>
<p>The stamp mill building is framed with heavy timber and built on a downward sloping hillside to take advantage of gravity in the milling process. The roof and some of the exterior walls are covered with corrugated sheet metal, while some of the exterior walls have either vertical or horizontal wooden siding. At the top of the building a long wooden ramp supports the track of an ore tramway which carried ore from where it was unloaded from trucks to the top of the mill above the two-stamp Baker Iron Works crusher. A gasoline engine powered the mill; it was built by the Western Gas Engine Company of Los Angeles. A Myer concentrating table was used in separating the gold from the ore.</p><br>
<p>The complex included the mill, a well, a bunkhouse and an outhouse. The supporting buildings are largely ruinous.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built by Bill Keys, a local rancher, miner and character, using equipment moved from Pinon Wells. In the 1940s, Keys was involved in a dispute with Worth Bagley over access to the Wall Street Mill. Keys shot and killed Bagley in 1943 and placed a stone commemorating the event with the inscription: "Here is where Worth Bagley bit the dust at the hand of W. F. Keys, May 11, 1943." The marker is not a part of the Wall Street Mill historic district.</p><br>
<p>The Kelso Depot, Restaurant and Employees Hotel or Kelso Depot, now also the Mojave National Preserve Visitors Center, is located in the Mojave Desert within the National Park Service Mojave National Preserve, on Kelso Cima Road at the junction of Kelbaker Road in Kelso, California, between Baker and Interstate 15 to the north and Interstate 40 to the south.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, and along with the adjacent ghost town of Kelso, was declared a United States Historic District in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>The first depot, by the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, opened in 1905. In early 1923 the railroad began construction of the new "Kelso Clubhouse & Restaurant" which opened the next year. The Kelso Depot was built to provide services to passengers and railroad employees, and a water stop for the steam locomotives. It is an example of a surviving mid-1920s era Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture Styled railroad depot with a hotel, restaurant, and gardens in Southern California. It was designed by the firm of John and Donald Parkinson. The facility served interstate passenger and shipping traffic and the transport of ore from local mines, especially the Vulcan Mine. It was an essential element of the 1920s modernization of the Union Pacific Railroad stations to compete with the Santa Fe Railway and its Harvey Houses such as "Casa del Desierto".</p><br>
<p>The oasis-like landscape design and overall style and character of this remote station made it a popular gathering place for Union Pacific employees, passengers and local residents. The original gardens with shade from Fremont cottonwoods (Populus fremontii), Chinese elms (Ulmus parvifolia), and manicured geometric lawns lingered, but did not survive the desert conditions between depot closure and the park&#39;s Visitor Center restoration. Only date palms (Phoenix dactylifera) survived.</p><br>
<h3>Mid-20th century</h3><br>
<p>The Kelso Depot served as a significant element in the Union Pacific’s contributions to the American war effort during World War II. The end of World War II marked the beginning of a long decline in the depot’s utility. The sharp decline in the volume of freight traffic and diesel engines replacing steam caused a reduction in services and the need for fewer employees. The Vulcan Mine closed early in 1947, further reducing freight and passenger traffic. A surge of activity occurred with the outbreak of the Korean War in the early 1950s, resulting in a renewal of high traffic levels on the Union Pacific line for several years.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 and 1957, attempts were made to market the low-grade iron ore stockpiled at the Vulcan Mine. However, higher horse power, second generation diesel-electric locomotives of the 1960s resulted in the further decline in Union Pacific personnel needed at Kelso. This technological change eliminated the need for helper locomotives entirely in 1959. Coupled with the closing of the station agency and cessation of passenger train service to Kelso on August 14, 1964, this development spelled the end of the depot’s principal function with the exception of the Lunch Room which remained serving until 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and Visitors Center</h2><br>
<p>The Union Pacific proposed the demolition of the then unused depot in 1985. Efforts to preserve the building culminated in its 1992 transfer to the Bureau of Land Management and its East Mojave National Scenic Area.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the Mojave National Preserve was established, and the depot was transferred to the National Park Service. A historical restoration and adaptive reuse project followed in 2002. The Kelso Depot now serves, since 2005, as the main Visitor Center of the Mojave National Preserve.</p><br>
<p>The Lechtal Alps  are a mountain-range in western Austria, and part of the greater Northern Limestone Alps range. Named for the Lech River which drains them north-ward into Germany, the Lechtal Alps occupy the Austrian states of Tyrol and Vorarlberg and are known for their diverse rock structure.</p><br>
<p>The highest peaks are, in descending order:</p><br>
<p>Parseierspitze, 3,040 m</p><br>
<p>Dawinkopf, 2,970 m</p><br>
<p>Südlicher Schwarzer Kopf, 2,949 m</p><br>
<p>Gatschkopf, 2,947 m</p><br>
<p>Bocksgartenspitze, 2,939 m</p><br>
<p>Holzgauer Wetterspitze, 2,898 m</p><br>
<p>Oberer Bocksgartenkopf, 2,888 m</p><br>
<p>Vorderseespitze, 2,888 m</p><br>
<p>Freispitze, 2,887 m</p><br>
<p>Eisenspitze, 2,859 m</p><br>
<p>The highest summit in the eastern part of the Lechtal Alps is the prominent Große Schlenkerspitze (2,827 m).</p><br>
<p>The Olema Lime Kilns at Point Reyes National Seashore in California were built in 1850 on land leased from Mexican grantee Rafael Garcia by James A. Shorb and William F. Mercer, two San Francisco entrepreneurs. The kilns were reportedly fired only a few times, and have lain abandoned for some 140 years. They were apparently abandoned no later than 1855 after only a few firings, probably due to the poor quality, small limestone deposits and the financial depression of that year. They represent a Gold Rush era effort to establish a lime-producing industry in Marin County, only two years after cession of Alta California to the United States by Mexico. They consist of three long-abandoned, barrel-shaped stone vaults lying in ruins against a hillside on the east side of Olema Creek about five miles south of Olema and about 100 yards west of California State Highway 1.</p><br>
<h2>Kiln No. 1</h2><br>
<p>The kiln on the south was built of gray limestone which on the interior of the barrel was cut and fitted to enable application of a smooth coating of fireclay and, running halfway around the back, firebrick. Use of firebrick as a lining at the back suggest treatment for higher temperature there. The outer casing, rectangular in shape, was also built of cut limestone. Between the inner and out casings is afilling composed of irregular chunks of limestone set in mud or clay mortar. When these kilns were abandoned, Kiln No. 1 was loaded with limestone but not fired, rendering measurement of its interior impossible.</p><br>
<h2>Kiln No. 2</h2><br>
<p>Kiln No. 2 was built adjacent to Kiln No. 1 and immediately to the north, similarly facing west towards the creek. It consisted of limestone laid in lime mortar probably produced by Kiln No. 1. It was larger, being oval in vertical section, nine feet in diameter side to side and nine feet ten inches in diameter front to rear. It was lined entirely with fireclay applied like plaster. This kiln sat farther forward than the other two, its front face extending seven feet beyond Kiln 1 and four feet beyond the front face of Kiln 3. A large Douglas fir, which according to tree ring dating sprouted after 1870, grew from the rubble between Kiln 1 and Kiln 2, severely damaging both kilns. Kiln No. 2 still has a well-preserved front arched entrance, measuring six feet from side to side at the base and two feet six inches wide at the entrance to the barrel, tapering inward.</p><br>
<h2>Kiln No. 3</h2><br>
<p>Kiln No. 3, to the north of Kiln No. 2, was about the same size, being an oval barrel nine feet six inches in diameter from side to side and nine feet nine inches in diameter front to rear. A large Douglas fir tree grew up from the pit of this kiln. At an undetermined date before 1940 the entire arched entrance to this kiln was removed and rebuilt in Bolinas as part of a barbecue pit. Some individual moss-covered stones were removed from that and perhaps the other kilns for such uses as rock gardens, fireplaces, walls, and the like. Such vandalism has contributed to the decay of the kilns, along with the growth of trees and bushes on them.</p><br>
<p>Koupaki or Koupakio  is a Greek village in the municipal unit of Vardousia, located in the northwestern part of Phocis, west of the Mornos dam and 5 km from Krokyleio, the former seat of Vardousia. Population: 65 . In recent years, very few remain during winter months but over 200 during summer months.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Much of the area is mountainous, forested (oaks and pines) and pastureland suitable for livestock production, although in earlier times mixed livestock and crop cultivation was extensively practiced. The village lies on the east-facing side of colline Pyrgos. A couple of small streams pass through the village but are dry most of the year except during the rainy winter season. At over 830 m altitude, it gets snow nearly every winter but overall the village enjoys mild winters and a very attractive climate year round.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Based on historical accounts from the greater area, Koupaki was inhabited before 2000 B.C. by the Pelasgians, who were then invaded by the Dorians whose presence for a long time gave the name Dorida to the greater region. The Aetolians followed from the 13th century B.C. onwards and the area was later invaded by Achaeans, Macedonians, Galatians, Romans and Goths culminating with the destruction of the ancient city of Doris. Later, it was the turn of the Slavs, the Bulgarians, the Catalans, Normans and finally the Ottoman Turks, with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 A.D.</p><br>
<p>Until about 200 A.D. religious beliefs in the greater area were dominated by idol worshiping and polytheism. The Oracle of Delphi exerted considerable influence throughout the Greek world as a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion, usually spiritual in nature. It is of no surprise that Christianity could not easily match the infallible authority of the oracle and it is said that it took over 100 years for the region to accept the new dogma.</p><br>
<p>For nearly 400 years under Ottoman occupation, poor and mountainous villages like Koupaki were not favorite places for the Turks. However, a location near Koupaki which is known as Maraveli was at some period during the Ottoman occupation the "property" of a Turk with the likely name Omar Avel or Abel (from whom the area apparently took its name). It is said that the Maraveli area was used as pastureland for livestock to supply the needs of the Turk who resided in one of the larger towns of the Mornos valley to the south, as the Turks preferred wealthier and more fertile areas as well as the security and social structure offered by larger towns. In fact, this relative isolation and ethnic purity of mountainous people like Koupaki brought with it pride and a sense of purity and superiority relative to those of the lowlands. Although the latter had no alternative but to cohabitate with the Turks, this was considered as capitulation and as shameful compromise by the mountainous people.</p><br>
<p>The Greek War of Independence in 1821 against the Ottoman Turks found the rugged mountainous villages in the forefront of the revolution. On October 1828 Dorida was finally liberated and the province of Sterea Hellas (literally the Solid Greece) together with the Peloponnese in the south comprised the new Greek Nation. In 1837, less than 10 years after liberation, Koupaki was recognized as an independent community by the Greek government and became part of the municipality of Krokyleion. Koupaki is referred to as a distinct community for the first time around 1800 by the French Historian and traveler Charles Pouqueville, who refers to the village as Copaki.</p><br>
<p>The present location of the village formed the nucleus for around it. Slowly the inhabitants of these peripheral settlements moved to the main central village location. In addition, starting around 1830 the village saw an influx of people from the area around the town of Missolonghi, to the west of Sterea Hellas. The towns heroic resistance to the Turks, who besieged it twice both from the sea and land in the mid-1820s, became a legend. The descriptions of heroism from the besieged city moved all Greeks, including Koupaki, to open their welcoming arms; but it also reached far away places and several world personalities of the time came to the towns rescue. Among them was the acclaimed British poet Lord Byron, who fought and died in Missolonghi in 1826. The few from Missolonghi who survived the daring exodus in 1826, took to the mountains and several arrived at Koupaki and other villages of Dorida. Some of the newcomers from Missolonghi actually originated from the region of Epirus, a ragged mountainous region in the north-west of Greece. They had moved south into the province of Sterea Hellas, already fighting for its independence, in order to assist the war and breath the first air of freedom.</p><br>
<p>By 1845 the construction of the main village church had started, exclusively with the local gray stone and oak beams. This work was completed by means of personal voluntary labour offered by men and women. The engravings seen today on cornerstones of the church are still immensely inspiring. They reflect deep spirituality and a tribute to the institution that preserved Orthodoxy and the Greek language and culture for almost 400 years.</p><br>
<p>Towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, a large number of young men from Koupaki headed for the New World. Many of them worked in building the railway network in America, others served in the restaurant business, a tradition that lasted for a long time. They left with the intention to return but many of them never did and many more from their extended family and friends followed their path. This was the beginning of the gradual decay of the village which accelerated further during the 1920s and 1940s with new destinations such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand.</p><br>
<h2>The people</h2><br>
<p>Family names in Koupaki, as elsewhere in rural Greece and beyond, were formed by a combination of the fathers first name (e.g. Panos) and the offsprings own name (e.g. Kostas). So the offspring would be known as Panokostas and this would often be adopted as the family name for that branch of the family. Similarly, Mitros an offspring of Giannis would go by the name Giannomitros, etc. If the father was more prominent in the community and known as a craftsman or held an official position, the father&#39;s trade could often become the first part of the family name e.g. for a priest (Papas in Greek) carrying the name Andreas, the family name would become Papandreas. Finally, physical characteristics would also play a role in giving family names. For example, if Andreas happened to be relatively short (Kontos in Greek), his family name could become Kontoandreas (hence, the origin of the family name Konandreas). At Koupaki there were about 5-6 original families with these long composite family names who formed the nucleus of the village. Those were the families of Giannomitros, Kolimparis, Konandreas, Koufasimes, Nasiopoulos and Tsatouhas. Those who came from Messologi and Epirus after 1826, had two-syllable names e.g. Goumas, Nitsos, Soulias, Tsipras, Zohos, Zoupas, Zakkas etc.</p><br>
<p>The two World Wars and the Greek Civil War, following World War II, took a great toll on Koupaki, both in terms of life lost and material destruction. From 329 inhabitants in 1940, only 187 had remained in 1951, partly as a result of war casualties and partly due to immigration. The village was never to regain its old past and by the end of the 1950s and 1960s, most of those that had remained left for the cities (mainly Athens). By the 1970 census, only 51 inhabitants were registered. All along, education was seen as the only real escape from the hardships of village life and most families sacrificed everything to see their children finishing school and entering university. This has not been in vain; Koupaki has one of the highest per capita university graduates in Greece.</p><br>
<p>The village has never lost the hearts and minds of its people wherever they may be and many of them (including from far away places such as California and New Zealand) converge to it, especially during the summer months, to remember the past and enjoy the fresh mountain air. Most of the houses, stone-built, have been renovated to benefit from modern amenities. The village was connected to the regional road network in 1952 (dirt road) which was paved asphalt in the 1990s. Electricity reached the village in the 1970s and the 1970s brought also individual telephone connection (until then the village was served by a single telephone located in the main grocery store in the centre of the village).</p><br>
<p>Koupaki has a beautiful church () and had a functioning elementary school until it closed in 1957 (because of the limited number of students who then were obliged to attend school at the nearby village of Zorianos). The school is now used as a. Koupaki is the birthplace of prominent individuals who excelled in the sciences, public life, international organizations and in business.</p><br>
<p>Contemporary news about Koupaki are printed in the quarterly (Greek: ) published by the and distributed to the four corners of the world. News about Koupaki can also be found in the village (in Greek).</p><br>
<h2>Population of Koupaki over time</h2><br>
<p>The Charles C. Trowbridge House is located at 1380 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is the oldest documented building in the city of Detroit; it was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area where this house sits was originally the Mullett farm, part of a French land grant to Charles Chauvin.</p><br>
<p>Charles Christopher Trowbridge built this house in 1826 at a cost of $2500 on what was then farmland, far from the heart of Detroit. A stable, still extant, was constructed behind the house.</p><br>
<p>Trowbridge lived in the house for 56 years until his death in 1883. The house, originally built in a Greek Revival style, was updated with Victorian elements such as the bay window in the front. In 1889, the eastern two bays of the house were removed, leaving the current section. An apartment house was built on the site where the bays were removed.</p><br>
<p>By 1929 Detroit artist Roman Kryzanowski was renting and living in his studio located on this property. He died in his studio on July 31, 1929.</p><br>
<p>After Trowbridge&#39;s death, the house remained in the family, and was converted to a rooming house in 1936. In 1942, the Trowbridge family sold the house to Marie Cavanaugh and it was converted back to a single-family residence. Today, the house is privately owned and houses multiple businesses including Trowbridge Law Firm, Trowbridge Realty, Dickson & Associates and RBD Creative.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>When constructed, the house was a five-bay wide Federal structure with a central entrance. It has since had two bays removed and has been updated with Victorian elements. The house as it stands exhibits a harmonious blend of Federal and Victorian pieces. The front and rear facades are similar, with an entrance in the same place and a connecting hall between. In the front, the entrance is at the left hand side of the current three bay wide facade, and is flanked by sidelights with a rectangular transom above. An overhang shielding the entrance is supported by square Doric columns. Above the entrance is a projecting three sided bay window, with a pediment decorated with fish-scale shingles.</p><br>
<p>The Brown Mountain forest is located in East Gippsland, Victoria , and is notable for containing large tracts of old growth forest, including over fifty shining gum trees estimated to be over 300 years old.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The eucalypt forest provides key habitat for rare and threatened species such as the powerful owl, the spotted quoll, mainland Australia&#39;s largest marsupial carnivore, and the long-footed potoroo. Other animals of note that inhabit the area include: yellow-bellied glider, southern boobook, mountain brushtail possum, sambar deer (introduced), greater glider and sugar glider.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and logging activity</h2><br>
<p>Trees in Brown Mountain are at least 500 years old, according to a radiocarbon dating carried out by University of Waikato. The test was done on a tree felled in 2009, and is possibly the first test of its kind on an Australian tree. The test results said there was an 84% chance the tree was between 500 and 600 years old. Previously no definitive ages could be placed on the old growth trees of the area. The results may have impacts on the management of the area.</p><br>
<p>Some parts of Brown Mountain are already protected within the Errinundra National Park, other sections of forest designated as old growth by the Department of Sustainability and Environment between Legges Road and the Errinundra Road are under the control of VicForests, with logging being allowed.</p><br>
<p>The logging of the forest has been contentious due to the impact on rare and threatened species, the impact on water supplies, the associated carbon emissions. Environmentalists have called for the unprotected Brown Mountain forest area to be incorporated into the National Park reserve system planned to link the Errinundra National Park with the Snowy River National Park.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, logging recommenced in the Brown Mountain forest, despite Labor Party policy statements during the 2006 Victorian election campaign that they would protect Victoria&#39;s last remaining stands of old growth forest available for logging.</p><br>
<p>Environment Minister Gavin Jennings confirmed that logging the Brown Mountain forest was contentious in his answer to questions in parliament from Greens MP Sue Pennicuik about the logging in progress.</p><br>
<p>East Gippslands Eucalyptus nitens forest biomass contains at least 700 (and possibly up to 2000) tonnes carbon per hectare ("green carbon") above ground. Recovery of the carbon debt from clearing intact natural eucalypt forests through afforestation or reforestation takes more than 100 years. Research into the age class structure of Brown Mountains trees and the forests carbon capacity is ongoing. 85% of the wood harvested in Victorias forests is converted to woodchip (mostly for use in paper), sawdust and waste.</p><br>
<p>A temporary injunction on logging was ordered on September 14, 2009 by Justice Jack Forrest, after the environmental group Environment East Gippsland sued state-owned timber agency VicForests in the Supreme Court, arguing it would be failing its duty to protect native animals if it logged the two remaining coups as planned.</p><br>
<p>Skumsrud Heritage Farm is a Norwegian immigrant homestead located 1.5 mi west of Coon Valley, in Vernon County, Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A historic open-air museum and cultural center, the property sits on 43 acre of land situated in a valley with a creek running through it. It has 11 restored Norwegian pioneer log buildings, each of which represents a different architectural floor plan of the immigrant Norwegian pioneers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Skumsrud Heritage Farm was built in 1853 by Nels Skumsrud. It was donated to Norskedalen in 1983 by his grandchildren, Lloyd and Ruth Thrune. The brother and sister wished to see the property preserved and also to see it serve as a means of educating people of the area’s Norwegian heritage. The property is considered the oldest surviving house in the area, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Ash Mountain Entrance Sign at Sequoia National Park was constructed in 1935 by Civilian Conservation Corps craftsmen. Featuring a carved Native American face, the sign was made from blocks of sequoia wood and fastened with wrought iron brackets.</p><br>
<p>The design was first proposed by National Park Service architect Merel S. Sager in 1931, who designed a small log sign for the Ash Mountain entrance. In 1935 resident park landscape architect Harold G. Fowler created a much larger design. He recruited CCC worker George W. Munro, who had displayed a talent for woodworking, and they selected a piece of fallen sequoia wood from the Giant Forest. Fowler sketched the profile in blue chalk on the wood using an Indian Head nickel as a guide. Munro carved the wood over a several-month period and the sign was assembled and erected over the winter of 1935-36. It was moved in 1964 to make room for a new park entrance station.</p><br>
<p>The sign is supported by a four-foot-diameter sequoia log rising from a two-tiered masonry platform. The sign panel is ten feet wide by four feet high and one foot thick, carved into a profile reputed to signify Sequoyah, whose Cherokee tribe never inhabited California. The sign was originally unpainted, but assumed its present appearance in the 1950s. As originally built, a matching log pylon stood on the opposite side of the road. The pylon was removed when the sign was relocated.</p><br>
<p>The Kiel and Morgan Hotel in Lynd, Minnesota, United States, was the building first used on a regular basis as the Lyon County Courthouse. In 1869, the Minnesota Legislature passed an enabling act dividing Lyon County from Redwood County. Governor William R. Marshall appointed several officials authorized to form a county government. On August 12, 1870, the county commissioners held their first meeting in the home of Luman Ticknor in upper Lynd. The Hotel was built in 1871 by Allen D. Morgan and Levi Kiel. Because of the small population in the area, the hotel served variously as the seat of county government, post office, store, and church.</p><br>
<p>The Kiel and Morgan Hotel is an important historical place because it is one of the few remaining examples of the type of buildings that were used for both private and government meeting places during the early settlement of the western Minnesota counties.</p><br>
<p>After the county government moved to Marshall, where it remains today, the hotel was used as a farm house. In 1990, the owner Eva Schrunk donated the property to the city of Lynd.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Rose, A.P. History of Lyon County, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The Croul–Palms House is a private residence located at 1394 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. The house is named after its first two owners, Jerome Croul and Francis Palms. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1881, Jerome Croul commissioned William Scott to build this house at a cost of $25,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, Croul sold the house to Celimene Palms, the wife of Francis. Francis Palms was a major Detroit landowner, inheriting a substantial fortune from his father. Francis died in 1905, but his wife continued to live in the house until her death in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Croul–Palms house boasts irregular massing, contrasting materials, and a picturesque roofline, all details characteristic of Queen Anne style architecture. The house has bay windows stretching the full three stories, and the multi-level roof boasts projecting gables and decorative chimney caps. The exterior of the house is original but for the demolition of front and side porches and a small third-floor balconet, and the replacement of the slate roof.</p><br>
<p>There was originally a two-story brick barn behind the house, built a year after the house itself; the barn was demolished in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The Manchester Apartments is an apartment building located at 2016 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Manchester Apartments is a four-story apartment building constructed from brick. The building is typical of medium-scale middle-class apartment buildings built in Detroit in general and along East Jefferson in particular in the first decade of the 20th century. The details of the exterior, including corner blocks around window groupings, brick quoins, and patterns above the cornice, demonstrate the rise of modernism.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Manchester Apartments were featured in the season one episode of The Sopranos, The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti, where it serves as the apartment building of Christopher Moltisanti and Adriana La Cerva.</p><br>
<p>The Buckner Homestead Historic District, near Stehekin, Washington in Lake Chelan National Recreation Area incorporates a group of structures relating to the theme of early settlement in the Lake Chelan area. Representing a time period of over six decades, from 1889 to the 1950s, the district comprises 15 buildings, landscape structures and ruins, and over 50 acre of land planted in orchard and criss-crossed by hand-dug irrigation ditches. The oldest building on the farm is a cabin built in 1889. The Buckner family bought the farm in 1910 and remained there until 1970, when the property was sold to the National Park Service. The Buckner Cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The rest of the Buckner farm became a historic district in 1989. Today, the National Park Service maintains the Buckner homestead and farm as an interpretive center to give visitors a glimpse at pioneer farm life in the Stehekin Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Bill Buzzard</h2><br>
<p>The property that became the Buckner farm was originally settled by William (Bill) Buzzard. It is located several miles north of Lake Chelan along the Stehekin River. When Buzzard arrived in 1889, his 160 acre parcel was the farthest homestead from the Stehekin settlement at the head of the lake. Buzzard built a one-story log cabin on the site, and cleared some land for pasture and cultivation. In 1892, Buzzard shipped 1,000 pounds of potatoes 50 mi down Lake Chelan to the town of Chelan, Washington and sold the rest of his crop to local miners. By 1895, Buzzard had planted a small apple orchard and was growing cabbages as well as potatoes. Buzzard also cut cordwood on his property and sold it to the steamboat company that operated on Lake Chelan. According to a 1902 United States Forest Service report on "agricultural settlement" in the Stehekin area, William Buzzard had a three-room house, log barn, and 25 acre of cultivated land. On 9 November 1903, Buzzard officially purchased his homestead from the United States Government. He later sold 11 acre to a neighbor.</p><br>
<h2>Buckner family</h2><br>
<p>In 1910, Buzzard sold his remaining property to a Californian named William Buckner for $5,000. Instead of a lump-sum payment, Buzzard wanted $50 per month until the total amount was paid. After selling the property, Buzzard moved to Chelan where he lived until his death in 1919. When Buzzard died, Buckner was only one payment short of completing the agreement so he used the final $50 payment to purchase a headstone for Buzzard, who was buried in the Old Fraternal Cemetery in Chelan.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, Buckner brought his wife and three sons to the farm (also call the “Buckner ranch”). Upon arrival, the family found most of the land covered with stumps because the timber had been cut and sold by the previous owner. Over the next several years, the family cleared enough stumps to plant a 50 acre apple orchard. The Buckners also designed an irrigation system that diverted water from Rainbow Creek to their orchard. The main irrigation canal and watering ditches, totaling over four miles (6 km), were all dug by hand during the summer of 1911.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the Buckner family only lived on the ranch during the summer, moving back to California in the fall to avoid Stehekin’s harsh winters. However the family returned each spring to work their farm. Over the next few years, they constructed a variety of buildings for protecting animals, sheltering farm equipment, and preserving food. Eventually, the Buckner ranch had more than a dozen structures including a barn, workshop, milk house, smokehouse, root cellar, chicken coop, outhouse, sleeping cabins for guests or hired hands, and several general-purpose sheds. They also built a mile of wooden fence to enclose their entire property.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, Harry Buckner, one of William’s sons, took up permanent residence at the ranch. In 1919, Harry married a young lady from Stehekin and she joined him at the ranch. Since William Buckner and his wife continued to live in Bill Buzzard’s log cabin during the summer months until 1924, Harry expanded one of sleeping cabins into a home for himself and his new wife, Olive. Harry and Olive worked hard to make the farm a comfortable place to live. They raised pigs, cows and chickens. The family grew vegetables in their garden, and planted large flower beds. When the family decided they wanted electric lights, Harry converted a smokehouse into a power generator house. Harry also built a play house for his three young daughters; and when the girls were older, he constructed a concrete swimming pool, feed by farm’s irrigation system.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the Buckners built a large packing shed to protect their apple harvest. In the 1930s and 1940s, the farm produced between 4,000 and 5,000 crates of apple each season. That was enough fruit to fill their 40 ft by 100 ft packing shed. This was the peak of the farm’s production.</p><br>
<p>Olive Buckner died in 1948. Harry continued to live on the ranch and eventually remarried. In 1953, the packing shed roof collapsed under a heavy winter snow load. In 1956, Buckner retired from farming and became Stehekin’s postmaster. In 1970, Buckner sold the homestead and most of his property to the National Park Service, retaining a parcel of land for his retirement home. He lived there until his death in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>National Park Service</h2><br>
<p>After purchasing the Buckner property, the National Park Service incorporated it into the Lake Chelan National Recreation Area. The Buckner homestead and farm has been preserved, and is used by the National Park Service as an interpretive center to show visitors what pioneer life was like in the Stehekin Valley. Although it is no longer a commercial farm, horses still graze in the Buckner’s pasture, water still flows through the irrigation ditches, and apples are still harvested from the orchard in the fall. While some changes have been made to the building in order to preserve them, many of the structures are still in use for their intended purpose, including the main house which is now home for a National Park Service employee.</p><br>
<p>Because of its unique historic value as an original settler’s homestead, the Buckner Cabin (originally built by William Buzzard) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 (NRHP #74000912). In 1989, the remaining elements of the Buckner farm were joined with the cabin to create the Buckner Homestead Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Historic structures</h2><br>
<p>The Buckner Homestead Historic District comprises 15 buildings, various landscape features, some old structural ruins, and approximately 50 acre of apple orchard which is irrigated by hand-dug ditches.</p><br>
<p>The original William Buzzard Cabin was built in 1889. It was a one-story log cabin measuring 16 ft by 18 ft. In 1910, Buzzard added over 23 ft to the length of the cabin, making it 16 ft by 42 ft. After purchasing the homestead, Buckner added a massive river-stone fireplace and chimney in 1911. The cabin has a stone and concrete floor, log walls, and a wood shake roof. The Buckner’s used the cabin as a primary residence until 1924, when it became a guest house. The National Park Service renovated the cabin in 1980, and stabilized the structure in 1999. The cabin is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Buckner Cabin.</p><br>
<p>The Buckner homestead’s main residence was originally built in 1914 as a 12 ft by 18 ft summer sleeping cabin. The Buckner family added a 16 ft by 18 ft living room in 1915, and another bedroom and a large fireplace in 1921. A third bedroom and a kitchen were added in 1925. The National Park Service added a porch in 1983, and re-roofed the house 1975 and again in 1999. It is a wood-frame house on a stone and concrete foundation; the walls are weatherboard, and it has a metal roof.</p><br>
<p>The Buckner homestead hay barn and workshop was built in 1949. It is a two-story building with a large hay loft and gable roof. The building’s footprint measures 21 ft by 24 ft. It is a wood-frame structure on a concrete foundation with weatherboard siding and a metal roof. The main entrance is a large wood-panel sliding door on the north side of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Buckner’s Milk House was built in 1916. It is a 6 ft by 8 ft one-story, wood-frame structure on a raised concrete foundation with an overhanging gable roof. The National Park Service rehabilitated the building in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The "Delco House" provided electricity for the farm. Originally, built as a smokehouse in 1915, it was converted to house the Delco power generator in 1925. It is a one-story, wood-frame structure on a 4 ft by 8 ft concrete foundation. The building has weatherboard siding and a wooden shake roof.</p><br>
<p>The farm’s wood and harness shed was built in 1950. It is a one-story, log-frame structure on a concrete foundation with a wooden gabled roof. The building measure 12 ft by 20 ft. The National Park Service replaced the shed roof in 1980, and accomplished addition preservation work in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings on the Buckner farm include a sleeping house, tool and equipment sheds, root cellar, chicken coops, outhouse, and a children’s play house. The Buckner’s swimming pool is included on the National Park Services inventory of structures, however, it is kept empty for safety reasons. Old farm equipment, like the Buckner&#39;s 1911 Hercules Stump Puller and several farm trucks, are also on display. The National Park Service maintains the Buckner’s orchard, harvesting its apples every fall.</p><br>
